The most commonly used classification defines a level of 10 mg/g and 15 mg/g as the upper normal limit for men and women, respectively [4]. Higher levels are classified as high selleckchem Lenalidomide normal, micro- and macroalbuminuria [4]. Albuminuria is associated with an increased risk of renal function loss, cardiovascular and end stage renal disease, cardiovascular and all-cause mortality [3]�C[8]. Albuminuria independently predicted cardiovascular events among normoalbuminuric patients with type 2 diabetes in a study by Ruggenenti et al [9]. It is an independent predictor of stroke, possibly even better than other markers of renal function such as glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and cystatin C [10]. Besides, albuminuria is in observational studies associated with other disorders such as cognitive impairment and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [11], [12].
Since a decrease in urine albumin excretion is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular and renal disease [13], [14], microalbuminuria is an important therapeutic target. We aimed to investigate whether other causes of death beside cardiovascular disease and diabetes contribute to the association between UACR and risk of dying. We investigated the prospective association between UACR and cause-specific mortality according to The International Classification of Disease (ICD) in two cohorts from a general Danish population. Methods Ethics Statement Participants gave their written informed consent, and the studies were approved by the local ethics committee of Copenhagen County and the Danish Data Protection Agency.
The recommendations of the Declaration of Helsinki were followed. Study populations We used the two population based studies, Monica10 and Inter99. The Monica10 study carried out in 1993�C1994 was a 10 year follow-up study of the MonicaI study conducted in 1982�C1984. The MonicaI population was recruited from the Danish Central Personal Register as an age- and sex-stratified random sample of the population. The Monica10 study included 2,656 individuals between the ages 40�C71 years, and the participation rate was 64.3% [15]. A total of 2,654 participants from the Monica10 study with measurements of UACR were included in the study. The Inter99 study that was carried out in 1999�C2001 included 13,016 individuals aged 30�C60 years drawn from an age- and sex-stratified random sample of the population in the same area as MonicaI [16].
A total of 6,784 persons participated yielding Carfilzomib a baseline participation rate of 52.5%. The Inter99 study was a population-based randomized controlled trial (CT00289237, ClinicalTrials.gov) set to investigate the effects of lifestyle intervention on cardiovascular disease (CVD) [16]. A total of 6,471 participants from Inter99 with measurements of UACR were included in the present study. Inter99 data were considered observational, and analyses were adjusted for study group.