SDW was utilized as a negative control element. To ensure consistent conditions, all treatments were incubated at a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius and a humidity level of 80 to 85 percent. Five caps and five tissues of young A. bisporus were used per repetition in the three-time experiment. Following a 24-hour inoculation period, all parts of the inoculated caps and tissues displayed brown blotches. After 48 hours, the inoculated caps exhibited a transformation to dark brown, while the infected tissues transitioned from brown to black, expanding to encompass the entire tissue block, culminating in a distinctly putrid appearance and a noxious odor. The signs and symptoms of this illness correlated strongly with those observed in the initial samples. Within the control group, no lesions were found. Based on the pathogenicity test results, the pathogen was successfully re-isolated from the infected tissues and caps, with evidence drawn from morphological characteristics, 16S rRNA sequences, and biochemical evaluations. This supports the conclusions of Koch's postulates. Various strains of Arthrobacter bacteria. These entities are prevalent throughout the environment (Kim et al., 2008). In prior investigations, Arthrobacter species has been demonstrated as a pathogenic agent for edible fungi in two separate studies (Bessette, 1984; Wang et al., 2019). The current report presents the novel observation of Ar. woluwensis inducing brown blotch disease in A. bisporus, indicating a previously unrecognized pathogenic interaction. Our work may pave the way for the development of more effective phytosanitary measures and disease control treatments for this condition.

One of the cultivated varieties of Polygonatum sibiricum Redoute is Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua, also a major cash crop in China, as reported in Chen et al. (2021). Wanzhou District (30°38′1″N, 108°42′27″E) of Chongqing experienced a disease incidence of 30-45% in P. cyrtonema leaves exhibiting gray mold-like symptoms between 2021 and 2022. Leaf infection, exceeding 39% in severity from July to September, stemmed from symptoms that initially appeared between April and June. Brown spots, initially irregular, spread to the leaf margins, tips, and stems. GsMTx4 concentration Under conditions of low moisture, the diseased tissue displayed a withered, slender appearance, a light brownish color, and developed into dry, cracked formations as the disease advanced. In instances of elevated relative humidity, infected leaves displayed water-soaked decay with a brown band encircling the localized damage, and a layer of gray mold presented itself. Eight visibly diseased leaves, representing typical cases, were collected to determine the causal agent. Leaf tissues were diced into 35 mm pieces, then surface sterilized for one minute in 70% ethanol and five minutes in 3% sodium hypochlorite solution. Thoroughly rinsed three times with sterile water, the samples were then inoculated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) enriched with 50 g/ml streptomycin sulfate and incubated in complete darkness at 25°C for three days. Identical morphological characteristics were observed in six colonies, each approximately 3.5 to 4 centimeters in diameter, which were then streaked onto new culture plates. Isolates, in their initial growth stage, produced white, dense, and clustered hyphal colonies that spread extensively in all directions. At the conclusion of a 21-day period, the medium exhibited embedded sclerotia, varying in size from 23 to 58 millimeters in diameter, transforming from brown to a black color. The six colonies have been identified and confirmed as Botrytis sp. This JSON schema returns a list of sentences. Clusters of conidia, resembling grapes, were affixed to the conidiophores via branching arrangements. Conidiophores, extending in a straight line from 150 to 500 micrometers, bore conidia. These conidia, single-celled and elongated ellipsoidal or oval-shaped, were aseptate and measured 75 to 20, or 35 to 14 micrometers in length (n=50). To ascertain molecular identification, DNA was isolated from the representative strains 4-2 and 1-5. Using primers ITS1/ITS4, RPB2for/RPB2rev, and HSP60for/HSP60rev, the amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) sequences, and the heat-shock protein 60 (HSP60) genes was achieved, respectively, following the protocols described in White T.J., et al. (1990) and Staats, M., et al. (2005). The GenBank repository held the sequences from groups 4-2 (ITS, OM655229 RPB2, OM960678 HSP60, OM960679) and 1-5 (ITS, OQ160236 RPB2, OQ164790 HSP60, OQ164791). multiple infections Comparative phylogenetic analyses of the multi-locus alignments for isolates 4-2 and 1-5 revealed their identical sequences (100%) to the B. deweyae CBS 134649/ MK-2013 ex-type sequences (ITS: HG7995381, RPB2: HG7995181, HSP60: HG7995191), thus supporting their classification as B. deweyae strains. The application of Koch's postulates, specifically with Isolate 4-2, was undertaken to determine if B. deweyae could trigger gray mold on P. cyrtonema, as reported by Gradmann, C. (2014). Pots containing P. cyrtonema leaves were treated by first washing the leaves with sterile water, and subsequently brushing them with 10 mL of hyphal tissue immersed in 55% glycerin. The leaves of a separate plant received 10 mL of 55% glycerin as a control, and Kochs' postulates experiments were performed three separate times. Plants inoculated with a specific treatment were housed within a controlled environment chamber, maintaining a relative humidity of 80% and a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius. On the seventh day after the inoculation process, leaves of the inoculated plants manifested disease symptoms strikingly similar to those seen in the field, whereas the control plants continued to exhibit no signs of the disease. From inoculated plants, a fungus was reisolated and, through multi-locus phylogenetic analysis, identified as B. deweyae. To the best of our knowledge, B. deweyae is primarily associated with Hemerocallis plants and is hypothesized to be an important contributor to 'spring sickness' symptoms (Grant-Downton, R.T., et al. 2014). This is the initial report of B. deweyae causing gray mold on P. cyrtonema in China. In spite of B. deweyae's narrow range of hosts, the possibility of P. cyrtonema becoming a target warrants attention. This project will serve as a foundation for future approaches to preventing and treating this disease.

China's pear (Pyrus L.) cultivation dominates the global market, holding the largest cultivation area and yield, as noted in Jia et al. (2021). The 'Huanghua' pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai, cultivar), displayed the characteristic brown spot symptoms during the month of June, 2022. Huanghua leaves are cultivated within the germplasm garden of Anhui Agricultural University's High Tech Agricultural Garden located in Hefei, Anhui, China. Based on the examination of 300 leaves (50 leaves from six plants), the disease incidence was determined to be approximately 40%. On the leaves, small, brown, round-to-oval lesions first emerged, marked by gray centers and dark brown to black edges. These spots, enlarging at a rapid pace, ultimately produced abnormal defoliation of the leaves. Symptomatic leaves, intended for isolating the brown spot pathogen, were harvested, cleansed with sterile water, surface sterilized with 75% ethanol for 20 seconds, and rinsed with sterile water 3 to 4 times. To acquire isolates, leaf fragments were positioned on PDA medium, which was then incubated at 25°C for seven days. After seven days of incubation, the colonies' aerial mycelium presented a color ranging from white to pale gray, reaching a diameter of sixty-two millimeters. A doliform or ampulliform shape was a defining characteristic of the conidiogenous cells, which were further categorized as phialides. Conidia presented diverse morphologies, spanning from subglobose to oval or obtuse shapes, with thin walls, aseptate hyphae, and a smooth surface. A diameter of 42 to 79 meters and 31 to 55 meters was recorded. Similar morphologies to Nothophoma quercina, as noted in prior studies (Bai et al., 2016; Kazerooni et al., 2021), were observed. For molecular analysis, the internal transcribed spacers (ITS), beta-tubulin (TUB2), and actin (ACT) regions were amplified, using the ITS1/ITS4, Bt2a/Bt2b, and ACT-512F/ACT-783R primers respectively. The ITS, TUB2, and ACT sequences were submitted to GenBank under accession numbers OP554217, OP595395, and OP595396, respectively. Mediation effect A comparative nucleotide blast analysis highlighted a strong resemblance between the examined sequence and those of N. quercina, namely MH635156 (ITS 541/541, 100%), MW6720361 (TUB2 343/346, 99%), and FJ4269141 (ACT 242/262, 92%). Based on ITS, TUB2, and ACT sequences, a phylogenetic tree was generated using MEGA-X software's neighbor-joining method, exhibiting the greatest similarity to N. quercina. In order to determine pathogenicity, three healthy plant leaves were sprayed with a spore suspension containing 10^6 conidia per milliliter, whereas control leaves were sprayed with sterile water. Plants, having received inoculations, were housed within plastic enclosures and cultivated in a growth chamber maintaining 90% relative humidity at a temperature of 25°C. Symptomology of the typical disease appeared on the inoculated leaves between seven and ten days post-inoculation, but no such symptoms were observed on the control leaves. Re-isolation of the same pathogen from the afflicted leaves confirmed Koch's postulates. Following morphological and phylogenetic tree analyses, we validated *N. quercina* fungus as the causative organism of brown spot disease, reiterating the earlier conclusions made by Chen et al. (2015) and Jiao et al. (2017). To the best of our understanding, this marks the first instance of brown spot disease stemming from N. quercina on 'Huanghua' pear leaves observed in China.

Cherry tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum var.), with their enticing sweetness and miniature size, are a popular choice for snacking and cooking. The cerasiforme tomato, a leading variety in Hainan Province, China, is valued for its nutritional content and sweet flavour, as highlighted by Zheng et al. (2020). Between October 2020 and February 2021, Chengmai, Hainan Province, saw a leaf spot disease affecting cherry tomatoes of the Qianxi cultivar.