Across eight states (Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee), data from 66 uniform fungicide trials (UFTs), conducted between 2012 and 2021, was collected and analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness and profitability of various fungicides applied during the R3 pod development stage. These fungicides included azoxystrobin + difenoconazole (AZOX + DIFE), difenoconazole + pydiflumetofen (DIFE + PYDI), pyraclostrobin (PYRA), pyraclostrobin + fluxapyroxad + propiconazole (PYRA + FLUX + PROP), tetraconazole (TTRA), thiophanate-methyl (TMET), thiophanate-methyl + tebuconazole (TMET + TEBU), and trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole (TFLX + PROT). A model of network meta-analysis was fitted to the log of the mean FLS severity and the non-transformed mean yield for each intervention, which includes the non-treated condition. The percent decrease in disease severity and yield response (in kilograms per hectare) relative to non-treatment was minimal for PYRA (11% and 136 kg/ha), and maximal for DIFE+PYDI (57% and 441 kg/ha), respectively. Using year as a continuous independent variable, the model demonstrated a notable decline in the efficacy of PYRA (18 percentage points [p.p.]), TTRA (27 p.p.), AZOX + DIFE (18 p.p.), and TMET + TEBU (19 p.p.) over time. Finally, the fungicide DIFE+PYDI, proving to be the most effective, boasted the highest likelihood of achieving a break-even point (above 65%), while PYRA exhibited the lowest (below 55%). This meta-analysis's outcomes may inform and support the process of establishing fungicide programs.

The plant-pathogenic soil-borne fungi, Phytopythium spp., pose problems. The devastating consequences of root rot and damping-off on important plant species are reflected in significant economic losses. A survey of Macadamia integrifolia in Yunnan Province, China, in October 2021, identified the prevalence of soil-borne diseases. The isolation of microbes from the necrotic roots of 23 trees exhibiting root rot symptoms was performed using 3P (Haas 1964) and P5APR (Jeffers and Martin, 1986) cornmeal-based oomycete-selective media, incubated in the dark at 24°C for seven days. Molecular Biology Morphological similarities between eighteen of the fifty-six single-hyphal isolates and Phytopythium vexans were noted, in accordance with published findings from van der Plaats-Niterink (1981) and de Cock et al. (2015). The isolates LC04 and LC051 were selected for examination at the molecular level. The cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (CoxII) gene was PCR-amplified with oomycete-specific primers Cox2-F/Cox2-RC4 (Choi et al., 2015), while the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was PCR-amplified with universal primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al., 1990). Utilizing the amplification primers, the PCR products were sequenced, and the resultant sequences were archived in GenBank (Accession no.). The isolates LC04 and LC051 possess the following sequences: OM346742 and OM415989 (ITS), and OM453644 and OM453643 (CoxII), respectively. The GenBank nr database BLAST search, for all four sequences, yielded Phytopythium vexans as the top hit, with identity exceeding 99%. Based on concatenated ITS and CoxII sequences from type or voucher specimens, a maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree was generated for 13 Phytopythium species. This tree places these species within the same phylogenetic clade as P. vexans (Table 1; Bala et.). In the year 2010, . The phylogenetic tree demonstrated that isolates LC04 and LC051 were most closely related to P. vexans, with LC051 forming the basal branch and sister to LC04 and the P. vexans voucher CBS11980, supported by 100% bootstrap support (Fig. 1). To satisfy Koch's postulates (Li et al., 2015), millet seed inoculated with agar pieces colonized by P. vexans LC04 and LC51 was employed in a completely randomized experimental design. Six-month-old *M. integrifolia* var. specimens, a count of four. Keaau (660) seedlings were relocated into a pasteurized commercial potting mix, supplemented with 0.5% (w/w) inoculum. In free-draining pots, plants were cultivated and watered once a day. Within fourteen days post-inoculation, the roots exhibited a change in pigmentation relative to the control plants inoculated with millet seed and agar plugs that did not contain P. vexans (Figure 2). Thirty days post-inoculation, infected roots displayed visible discoloration and decay, resulting in a decrease in root system size. Symptomless control plants were maintained in the experiment. Two lesioned roots per plant yielded successful re-isolation of P. vexans. antibiotic antifungal Through a double infection experiment, the role of P. vexans LC04 and LC51 as root disease inducers in M. integrifolia was conclusively determined. Root rot, damping-off, crown rot, stem rot, and patch canker are among the harmful consequences of P. vexans infection, affecting economically significant trees in numerous regions worldwide, including seven plant species indigenous to China (Farr and Rossman 2022). Pathogenic P. vexans on M. integrifolia is newly reported from China. The emergence of *P. vexans* across varied host populations and geographic regions underscores its quarantine significance, mandating its inclusion in proactive pest management frameworks alongside Phytopythium, Pythium, and Phytophthora species, with which *P. vexans* shares significant taxonomic overlap (de Cock et al., 2015).

The Republic of Korea's citizens widely consume corn (Zea mays), a cereal grain rich in dietary fiber and various vitamins, which serves as a significant food source. Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) in corn fields located in Goesan, Republic of Korea, were the subject of a survey carried out in August 2021. Using modified Baermann funnel techniques, PPNs from corn roots and soil were extracted and then identified via morphological and molecular analyses. Analysis of soil and root samples collected from 21 different fields indicated a 23.8% infection rate by stunt nematodes, specifically 5 fields. The nematode Tylenchorhynchus zeae, first characterized in Indian soil surrounding corn, has been associated with reduced plant development and yellowing of leaf tissues (Sethi and Swarup, 1968). Regarding morphology, the females' characteristics mirrored those of T. zeae, possessing a cylindrical body and exhibiting a subtle ventral curvature after being fixed. The lip region is situated slightly off-center from the body, exhibiting four annuli. The vulva, centrally positioned, and a didelphic-amphidelphic reproductive system characterize the body. The stylet displays anteriorly flattened knobs, while the tail is conoid with an obtuse, smooth terminus, areolated with four incisures throughout. see more Male physiques, while resembling those of females, showcased a more pronounced tail structure, featuring relatively strong bursae and spicules (Figure S1). The morphology of Korean populations showed agreement with the described morphology of populations in India and China, as detailed in the works of Alvani et al. (2017) and Xu et al. (2020). Using a Leica DM5000 light microscope and a DFC450 camera, ten female specimens were measured to determine the mean, standard deviation, and range of the following: body length (5532 ± 412 µm; 4927-6436 µm), maximum body width (194 ± 10 µm; 176-210 µm), stylet length (181 ± 4 µm; 175-187 µm), the fraction of body length occupied by the distance from the anterior end to the vulva (585 ± 13%; 561-609%), tail length (317 ± 12 µm; 303-340 µm), and the distance from the anterior end to the excretory pore (965 ± 18 µm; 941-994 µm). PCR was performed on the 28S rDNA D2-D3 segments, using primers D2A and D3B, and concurrently on the ITS region, using primers TW81 and AB28. The sequences of the 28S rDNA D2-D3 segments (accession numbers ON909086, ON909087, and ON909088), and the ITS region (accession numbers ON909123, ON909124, and ON909125), were newly obtained and submitted to the GenBank database. Comparing the 28S rDNA D2-D3 segment sequences to KJ461565 showed a perfect match. The BLASTn analysis of the ITS region sequences indicated the highest similarity with T. zeae (KJ461599), isolated from Spanish corn crops. A remarkable 99.89% (893/894) identity was observed in the ITS region sequences of these populations, with no insertions or deletions present. The population's phylogenetic relationships strongly corroborate the classification of T. zeae, as visualized in supplementary Figure S2. The phylogenetic analysis of the two genes' relation was executed by employing PAUP 4.0 and MrBayes 3.1.2. In a greenhouse setting, a modified Koch's postulates investigation was performed to ascertain pathogenicity, inoculating 100 specimens (male and female) onto each of five seedling corn pots (cultivar). Maintained at a stable 25 degrees Celsius for 60 days under controlled conditions, Daehakchal held sterilized sandy soil within its confines. The final soil pot analysis for the trial period showcased a Tylenchorhynchus zeae reproduction factor of 221,037. The greenhouse pots trial showed the same symptoms as the typical damage; the stunted and swollen roots and the dwarfed and yellowing leaf shoots matched perfectly. According to our current understanding, this marks the inaugural report of T. zeae in the Republic of Korea. Economic crops, including cabbage, cauliflower, grapevines, and olives, are part of the host range for T. zeae, according to the findings of Chen et al. (2007) and Handoo et al. (2014). An examination of the economic crop damage in South Korea caused by this nematode is imperative.

Adenium (Adenium obesum) and avocado (Persea americana), as exotic houseplants, are a popular choice for residents of city apartments in Kazakhstan. April and May 2020 saw the onset of a wilting condition on the young stems of five 2-year-old Aloe obesum plants housed in an apartment within Saryarqa District, Astana, Kazakhstan, geographically located at 71°25' East longitude and 51°11' North latitude. Yellow leaves, a precursor to their desiccation, gradually transformed from their verdant hue. In just ten days, the plants were entirely wilted, as displayed in Figure 1A. A. obesum plants, newly grown, displayed similar symptoms in November of 2021. Leaf lesions were observed on three 3-month-old P. americana plants concurrently.