001) ( Fig. 4C). For all the times tested, FURO + CAP-induced water and 0.3 M NaCl intake after saline injection into the LPBN in rats with PD did not differ from the control group with saline injections into the LPBN (P > 0.5, Newman–Keuls post hoc test) ( Fig. 4A and C). However, FURO + CAP-induced water and 0.3 M NaCl intake after muscimol injection into the LPBN in PD rats was significantly different from

the intake after muscimol injections into the LPBN in control rats from 90 to 180 min of the test, with P values ranging from P < 0.05 at 90 min to P < 0.001 from 120 to 180 min (Newman–Keuls post hoc test) ( Fig. 4A and C). In normotensive fluid-replete rats (MAP: 101 ± 3.4 mmHg and HR: 327 ± 0.9 beats per minute (bpm)) without ligature, bilateral injections of muscimol (0.5 nmol/0.2 μl, n = 5) into the LPBN increased MAP (15.2 ± 3.3 mmHg, vs. saline: 0.6 ± 1.3 mmHg/180 min) and HR Selleck ERK inhibitor (36 ± 6.8 vs. saline: 4.1 ± 2.0 bpm/180 min). Experimental ligature-induced PD alone produced no change in MAP and HR. However, post hoc tests showed that ligature-induced PD reduced the increase in MAP (F(3,12) = 21.0; P < 0.05) and HR (F(3,12) = 61.7; P < 0.05) from 30 to 180 min after treatment with muscimol into the LPBN. The IL-6 and TNF-α plasmatic concentration values were higher in PD rats

compared with controls (Table 1). Similar to a previous study,12 the present study shows that bilateral Epacadostat nmr injections of muscimol (GABAA receptor agonist) into the LPBN induce a pressor response and hypertonic NaCl and water ingestion in fluid-replete rats and increase hypertonic NaCl and water intake in FURO + CAP-treated rats. The new finding of the present study is that periodontal disease (PD) induced by ligature placement, confirmed by radiographic analysis, caused a significant amount of bone loss, increased plasmatic concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines

Casein kinase 1 IL-6 and TNF-α and reduced water intake and the pressor response induced by muscimol injected into the LPBN in fluid-replete rats and reduced water and hypertonic NaCl intake induced by muscimol injected into the LPBN in FURO + CAP-treated rats. Experimental ligature-induced PD produced no change in 0.3 M NaCl and water intake, suggesting that a local inflammatory event, such as PD, alone does not inhibit or facilitate these behaviours. Ligature-induced PD around the molar teeth acts as a bacterial retentive device and promotes the growth of micro-organisms in the subgingival area.7 These micro-organisms spread systemically, releasing inflammatory mediators, creating and sustaining a chronic systemic inflammatory response.19 The relationship between periodontal bacterial infection and alveolar bone loss has been well established, and the roles played by inflammatory mediators in the bone loss process that develops from periodontal disease have been studied.