1). The bacterial species associated with tumor tissues were far more diverse than that previously shown by culture-dependent [10, 33–36] and culture-independent studies [38]. The predominance of gram-positive bacteria relative to gram-negative bacteria suggests

differences in the bacterial communities at two clinically distinctive sites. These oral bacteria may act as a primary trigger or precursor of mucosal lesions or secondary invaders in non-infectious mucosal lesions [33]. An interesting observation related to clonal analysis was that the sequences when matched with the two known databases, RDP and HOMD for highest similarity showed similar results up to genus level. But at species level, the uncultivable phylotypes detected were 3.83% and ~60% by HOMD and RDP respectively. This may be due to differences in basic structure of two databases. Unlike RDP, HOMD KU55933 is a curated

database with 626 species and phylotypes based on 98.5% similarity www.selleckchem.com/products/epz-6438.html cutoffs of full 1540-base 16S rRNA sequences and each oral taxon assigned a specific number. Most of the cultivable bacteria, Actinomyces sp. oral taxon 181, Streptococcus sp. oral taxon 071, P. histicola, P. pallens, Selenomonas sputigena, V. dispar and phylotype, Leptotrichia sp. oral taxon 215 present in non-tumor tissues are known putative representatives of predominant genera in healthy oral microbiome [69]. Prevotella has earlier been associated with different types of endodontic Histamine H2 receptor infections [70] and Leptotrichia an opportunistic pathogen with bacteremia or sepsis producing lactic acid as a major metabolic end product [71]. Granulicatella adiacens which was highly prevalent in non-tumor group is also a known agent of endocarditis [72]. S. intermedius was predominant in 70% of OSCC subjects at both non-tumor and tumor sites. S. parasangunis II and O. sinus

were also present at both sites. Oribacterium species are weakly fermentative forming metabolic end products, acetic and lactic acid [73]. S. anginosus detected at 4 non-tumor and 2 tumor sites has been reported earlier in OSCC specimens [36, 38] and saliva of alcoholics [74]. The Streptococcus anginosus group comprised of three species, S. anginosus, S. constellatus and S. intermedius and are normal flora in GSI-IX solubility dmso humans, these bacteria are pathogens associated strongly with abscess formation and with infection in multiple body sites [75]. Assacharolytic Eubacterium and closely related strains found in our study at tumor sites are major bacterial groups in oral lesions and play important role in infections of root canal and periodontal pockets and use proteins and peptides derived from tissues and blood as energy source [76]. Also, Atopobium, F. nucleatum ss. vincentii and Parvimonas have been associated with endodontic infections or periodontitis [40, 77, 78].