, 1993; Ziedonis et al., 2008; Schroeder Perifosine Phase 3 & Morris, 2010). There have been relatively few population-based research investigations that have compared the smoking behaviors of persons with and without mental illness across the spectrum of psychiatric disorders. The first of such population-based studies was conducted by Lasser et al. (2000) analyzing data from the 1991�C1992 National Comorbidity Survey. Their results showed that persons with alcohol, drug, or mental problems (ADM) in the past month comprised 28.3% of the U.S. population, were twice as likely to be current smokers as those without ADM disorders (41.0% vs. 22.5%), and accounted for 40.6% of all current smokers and 44.4% of total cigarettes sold in the United States.

Using the same data, another study found that persons with nonsubstance-related mental illness in the past twelve months constituted 24% of the U.S. population but consumed about 40% of all cigarettes in the United States (Saffer & Dave, 2005). Using data from the 2001�C2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, Grant, Hasin, Chou, Stinson, and Dawson (2004) found that individuals with ADM disorders in the past twelve months made up 30.3% of the population but consumed 46.3% of all cigarettes in the United States. These three studies defined mental illness based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised third edition DSM-III-R or fourth edition DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1987, 1994), and they reached a strikingly similar conclusion that more than 40% of all cigarettes sold in the United States are consumed by individuals with mental illness.

However, a recent Brefeldin_A study, which also defined mental illness according to the DSM-IV but focused on a nationally representative sample of Black Americans in 2001�C2003, derived much lower estimates, reporting that those with mental illness in the past twelve months represented 18.1% of the sample but consumed 23.9% of all cigarettes by Blacks (Hickman, Delucchim & Prochaskam, 2010), perhaps due to the fact that Blacks have a lower prevalence of mental disorders than Whites (J. Breslau et al., 2006; Kessler et al., 1994). Instead of using the diagnostic criteria such as those in the DSM-IV, Hagman, Delnevo, Hrywna, and Williams (2008) defined mental illness with a clinically validated brief psychological screening instrument, the K6 scale (Kessler et al., 2002, 2003), designed to screen populations for serious psychological distress (SPD). Using the 2002 National Survey of Drug Use and Health data, they found that 8.3% of U.S. adults had SPD in the past twelve months, and those with SPD had higher rates of current cigarette smoking than those without SPD (44.9% vs. 26.0%).