, 2001) and LIP

(Cavada and Goldman-Rakic, 1989 and Nakamura et al., 2001). Importantly, V3A has direct connections with the smooth pursuit region of the frontal eye fields (Stanton et al., 2005). The latter have been proposed to provide eye movement signals to the visual-tracking neurons in monkey MST, endowing them with head-centered motion responses (Ilg et al., 2004), and may thus endow V3A with similar capabilities. Indeed, it has been shown that V3A has access to motor commands (or efference copies) because remapping in it occurred prior to eye movements (Nakamura and Colby, 2002). Conversely, it is known that perceptual stability during eye movements is mediated by the integration of efference copies with visual signals (von Holst and Mittelstaedt, 1950). Together, our findings indicate that V3A

and V6 achieve a profound multimodal integration of pursuit Panobinostat molecular weight eye movements particularly with planar visual motion, and thus suggest a crucial function of both areas in our perception of a stable world and of object motion during pursuit eye movements. A total of 14 volunteers participated in this study: 8 in experiment 1, 7 in experiments 2 and 3 (1 overlapping with experiment 1), and 6 in experiment 4 (subset of experiment 2). Six participants were male, and eight were female (age 23–34 years, with one that was left-handed). The ethics committee of the University Hospital and Max Planck Institutes Tübingen approved the study. Prior to scanning, subjects were instructed about the experimental AZD2281 mw procedures, signed an informed consent form, and performed a test trial to get accustomed to stimuli and task. Six experiments were conducted: experiments 1–4 measured responses to retinal

and objective motion using planar motion and pursuit trajectories. Trajectories included horizontal and vertical dimensions (2D) in experiment 1, and linear (1D, horizontal only) trajectories in experiments 2–4. Experiment 5 localized V5/MT and MST; experiment 6 mapped retinotopically organized areas V1–V3, V3A, V3B, and V6. Visual stimuli were gamma corrected and projected on a screen positioned behind the observers’ head viewed Resminostat at 82 cm distance spanning 24 × 18 visual degrees. Stimuli were generated with Cogent Graphics v.1.29 developed by John Romaya at the Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience (http://www.vislab.ucl.ac.uk/cogent.php), and run on MATLAB 7.3.0 (MathWorks) on a Windows PC. Experiment 1 included four conditions. Each was presented four times in each of six scanning sessions. Trials lasted 12 s and were presented in pseudorandom sequences where each condition preceded equally often all other conditions. Visual stimuli consisted of 320 randomly arranged black and white dots (100% contrast, diameter between 0.1° and 1.1°) on a gray (90 cd/m2) background, yielding a density of 0.75 dots/°2.