, 2006). The patients suffer from extremity and perioral Hydroxychloroquine in vitro paresthesias and in particular from

severe cold hypersensitivity. In about 90% of patients, there is an acute, transient syndrome characterized by cramps, paresthesias and dysesthesias that are triggered or enhanced by exposure to cold. After multiple cycles, the patients develop a chronic peripheral neuropathy that is characterized by a sensory axonal nerve damage closely resembling that induced by cisplatin. Vincristine-induced neuropathy involves numbness, tingling (feeling of pins and needles) of hands and/or feet, burning of hands and/or feet, numbness around mouth and loss of positional sense. Cisplatin has been a commonly employed anticancer drug for the last 40 years and continues to be among the most widely used antineoplastic drugs in clinical use (Kelland, 2007). Cisplatin neurotoxicity is predominantly characterized by sensory neuropathy with initial

complaints of pain and paresthesias in the distal extremities. This sensory neuropathy may be delayed in onset, appearing weeks after initiation of therapy. In advanced stages, it may progress to severe neuropathic pain and sensory ataxia. Bortezomib, a boronic acid dipeptide, is a 20S proteasome complex inhibitor that acts by disrupting various cell signaling pathways, thereby leading to cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and inhibition Y-27632 manufacturer of angiogenesis. Bortezomib monotherapy was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2003 for the treatment of refractory multiple myeloma. Peripheral neuropathy is a significant dose-limiting toxicity of bortezomib that typically occurs within the first course

of bortezomib, reaches a plateau at 5th cycle Urease and thereafter, does not appear to increase. High dose of paclitaxel is well reported to induce neuropathy, however, instead of characteristic neuropathic pain symptoms, the hypoesthesia and anesthesia like symptoms such as numbness and paresthesias are observed. It is reported that higher doses of paclitaxel induces axonal degeneration to the peripheral nerves (Cliffer et al., 1998). On the other hand, low dose of paclitaxel and vincristine produce pain hypersensitivity including allodynia and hyperalgesia (Polomano et al., 2001 and Flatters and Bennett, 2006). Paclitaxel and vincristine exert their anti-tumor activities by binding to β-tubulin followed by disruption of mitotic spindle in actively dividing cells. Furthermore, axonal microtubules are also composed of β-tubulin and neurotoxicity caused by paclitaxel and vincristine is mainly attributed to disruption of microtubule structure leading to impairment of axoplasmic transport and dying back neuropathy. However, this hypothesis has been largely true for higher doses of these chemotherapeutic drugs that induce axonal degeneration.