377, p = 0.0136). Proteases inhibitor Lipoperoxidation

increased only at 25,000 IU/kg/day (F[3,24] = 3.517, p = 0.0304) and protein carbonylation increased at 12,500 and 25,000 IU/kg/day (F[3,24] = 5.508, p = 0.0050). Striatum of offsprings from retinyl palmitate treated dams showed significant alterations on the redox parameters analyzed (Table 4). CAT activity decreased in treated males at 12,500 and 25,000 IU/kg/day (according to two-way ANOVA the exposure to retinyl palmitate affect the result, F[3,48] = 6.171, p = 0.0012), but SOD activity did not change in both sexes at all doses. SOD/CAT ratio increased only in males at 25,000 IU/kg/day (F[3,48] = 2.934, p = 0.0427) and GST activity increased in treated males at 2500 and 25,000 IU/kg/day, but increased in females only at 25,000 IU/kg/day (F[3,48] = 11.92, p < 0.0001). TRAP decreased in both sexes at 12,500 and 25,000 IU/kg/day (F[3,48] = 11.24, p = 0.0001). Total reduced thiol content decreased only for males at 25,000 IU/kg/day (F[3,48] = 3.124, p = 0.0344) and lipoperoxidation increased in both sexes at the same dose (F[3,48] = 8.970, p = 0.0001). Protein carbonylation increased in males at 2500 and 25,000 IU/kg/day, but only in females at 25,000 IU/kg/day (F[3,48] = 5.008, p = 0.0039). Hippocampi of offsprings from selleck retinyl palmitate treated

dams showed significant alterations on the redox parameters analyzed (Table 5). CAT activity decreased in both sexes at all retinyl palmitate doses (according to two-way ANOVA the exposure to retinyl palmitate affect the result, F[3,48] = 15.57,

p < 0.0001), but SOD activity did not change at all doses. SOD/CAT ratio increased in males at all retinyl palmitate doses, but only increased in females at 12,500 and 25,000 IU/kg/day (F[3,48] = 11.98, p < 0.0001). GST activity did not change at all doses. TRAP and total reduced thiol content did not change. Lipoperoxidation increased in both sexes at all retinyl palmitate doses (F[3,48] = 16.34, p < 0.0001), but protein carbonylation only increased at 12,500 IU/kg/day in males and 25,000 IU/kg/day in females (F[3,48] = 5.056, p = 0.0040). Vitamin A exerts important roles in both development and Rutecarpine the adult brain, but excessive vitamin A intake may be teratogenic in humans (De Luca, 1991 and Lane and Bailey, 2005; McCaferry et al., 2005). Although the evidence of such effects for retinyl palmitate supplementation in humans is limited, there is a growing concern about the safety of retinyl palmitate supplementation during pregnancy and breastfeeding (Dolk et al., 1999, IVACG, 1998, Miller et al., 1998, Mills et al., 1997 and Ross et al., 2000). In general, human data regarding retinyl palmitate supplementation effects during pregnancy and breastfeeding are mostly in observational and epidemiological studies based in morphological endpoints.