A structure analysis by means of finite element method shows that complete unidirectionality can be reached.
First experimental results are given. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3651617]“
“Background: Both orosensory stimulation and feedback from the gastrointestinal tract contribute to energy intake regulation.
Objective: We evaluated the hypothesis that overweight or obese subjects would be less sensitive to both oral and intraduodenal oleic acid exposure than would lean subjects.
Design: Eleven overweight or obese and 8 lean men were studied on 2 occasions, PARP phosphorylation during which antropyloroduodenal pressures, plasma cholecystokinin and peptide YY, and appetite were measured during 90-min intraduodenal infusions of saline or oleic acid (18: 1 load: 0.78 kcal/min); energy intake (buffet lunch) was determined immediately afterward. Oral detection thresholds for 18: 1 and recent dietary intake (2-d recall) were also quantified.
Results:
In lean subjects, the number of isolated pyloric pressure waves (IPPWs) was greater during 18: 1 infusion than during saline infusion (P < 0.05); no significant differences were observed between the 18: 1 and saline infusions in the overweight or obese subjects. In both groups, 18: 1 stimulated plasma cholecystokinin and peptide YY and suppressed energy intake compared with saline (P < 0.05), LY2835219 price with trends for reduced cholecystokinin and energy intake responses in the overweight or obese subjects. Detection thresholds for 18: 1 were greater in overweight or obese (7.9 +/- 0.1 mmol/L) than in lean (4.1 +/- 0.4 mmol/L) subjects (P < 0.05). Overweight or obese subjects had greater recent energy (P < 0.05) and fat (P = 0.07) intakes than did lean subjects. There was a direct relation (r = 0.669) of body mass index with 18: 1 detection thresholds and inverse relations (r < -0.51) of IPPWs with body mass index and 18: 1 detection
thresholds (P < 0.05).
Conclusions: The ability to detect oleic acid both orally and within the gastrointestinal tract is compromised in obese men, and oral and gastrointestinal PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor 3 manufacturer responses to oleic acid are related. This trial was registered at www.actr.org.au (Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry) as 12609000557235. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;93:703-11.”
“Antibody-mediated hyperacute rejection was the first rejection phenotype observed in human organ transplants. This devastating phenotype was eliminated by reliable crossmatch technologies. Since then, the focus was on T-cell-mediated rejection and de novo donor-specific antibodies were considered an epiphenomenon of cognate T-cell activation. The immune theory was that controlling the T-cell response would entail elimination of antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR). With modern immunosuppressive drugs, T-cell-mediated rejection is essentially treatable.