Bibliography 1. Ibrahim HN, et al. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:459–69. (Level 4) 2. Segev DL, et al. JAMA. 2010;303:959–66. (Level 4) 3. Okamoto M, et al. Transplantation.
2009;87:419–23. (Level 4) 4. Berger JC, et al. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:2887–93. (Level 4) 5. Dols LF, et al. Am J Transplant. 2011;11:737–42. (Level 4) 6. Kido R, et al. Am J Transplant. 2009;9:2514–9. (Level 4) 7. Kido R, et al. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2010;14:356–62. (Level 4) 8. Garg AX, et al. Kidney Int. 2006;70:1801–10. (Level 1) 9. Yazawa M, et al. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2011;15:514–21. (Level 5) 10. Kido R, et al. Am J Transplant. 2010;10:1597–604. (Level 4) 11. Garg AX, et al. Transplantation. 2008;86:399–406. (Level 4) 12. Boudville N, et al. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145:185–96. (Level 1) 13. Mjøen G, et al. Am J Transplant. 2011;11:1315–9. (Level 4) 14. Clemens K, et al. Am J Transplant. 2011;11:463–9. (Level ATM/ATR inhibitor cancer 4) 15. Ibrahim HN, et al. Am J Transplant. 2009;9:825–34. (Level 4) 16. Reisaeter AV, et al. Am J Transplant. 2009;9:820–4. (Level 4) Chapter 20: CKD care for the elderly Is an evaluation
for uroepithelial malignancy recommended for elderly patients with microscopic hematuria? In adults with asymptomatic gross or microscopic hematuria selleck inhibitor in the absence of proteinuria, the check details incidence of uroepithelial malignancy can be determined and has been found to increase with aging. Accordingly, asymptomatic hematuria in individuals 40 years of age or older is associated with an increased
possibility of uroepithelial malignancy. Although the likelihood of finding uroepithelial malignancy is higher in patients with macroscopic hematuria, asymptomatic hematuria, whether gross or microscopic, warrants evaluation. Ultrasonography, cystoscopy and urine cytology are of diagnostic value. According to recent research on patients with microscopic hematuria, the probability of undiagnosed malignant disease was less than 1 %. Patients who yield negative results in complete evaluations for asymptomatic microscopic hematuria Uroporphyrinogen III synthase have a low probability of subsequently developing uroepithelial malignancy. When hematuria is diagnosed for the first time in elderly patients, a further examination including diagnostic imaging should be performed to check for the occurrence of a urinary tract abnormality. If there are no abnormalities, no further examination is required, but an annual health check-up is recommended. Bibliography 1. Mariani AJ, et al. J Urol. 1989;141:350–5. (Level 4) 2. Jung H, et al. J Urol. 2011;185:1698–703. (Level 4) 3. Badalament RA, et al. Cancer. 1987;60:1423–7. (Level 4) 4. Murakami S, et al. J Urol. 1990;144:99–101. (Level 4) 5. Edwards TJ, et al. BJU Int. 2011;107:247–52. (Level 4) 6. Cauberg EC, et al. J Endourol. 2011;25:1733–40. (Level 4) 7. Madeb R, et al. Urology. 2010;75:20–5.