Discussion The life span of C. elegans fed

diets of respiratory deficient E. coli is significantly enhanced as compared to C. elegans fed the standard lab diet of OP50 E. coli (Figures 1 and 2, Table 1) and [17, 18]. These benefits are not confined to long-term survival, Fludarabine mw because animals fed the GD1 bacterial strain fare better than worms fed OP50 during short-term stress assays such as exposure to the oxidative agent juglone or to high-temperature (Figure 4). The E. coli respiratory deficiency, due to either the lack of Q or a deficiency in complex V, mediates worm life span extension and increased stress resistance independent of dietary restriction or the worm Q content. Worms fed the standard OP50 E. coli diet have distended guts packed with E. coli and show maximal coliform counts (cfu/worm) by day five of adulthood. However, worms fed the Q-less GD1 E. coli show delayed gut colonization and coliform counts fail to reach maximal levels even by day 14. The findings reported here suggest that the delayed replication of respiratory deficient E. coli in the gut lumen confers a survival benefit to the animal that correlates with the longer worm life span and enhanced stress resistance. A recent study has suggested

that the degree of bacterial colonization of the intestine at day two of C. elegans Selleck LY3039478 adulthood can be utilized as a predictor of subsequent worm survival 6 – 24 days thereafter [32]. We have found that this Thiazovivin solubility dmso predictive window can be extended to the fifth day of adulthood. It has been previously shown that worms fed OP50 or AN180 have similar life spans [18]. Coliform counts (cfu/worm) in animals

fed these diets are similar (Figure 8) when assayed at the L4 larval stage and throughout adulthood. In contrast, worms fed Reverse transcriptase the ATP synthase defective E. coli strain AN120 yield coliform counts intermediate to OP50 and GD1 until day ten, when the values become similar to those of OP50-fed animals (Figure 8). Similarly, coliform counts from GD1-fed worms are significantly lower than worms fed any of the other diets at day two, five, or ten of adulthood (Figure 8). These findings suggest that the coliform counts at days two and five are predictive of the enhanced life span in worms fed these diets. What accounts for the dramatically low coliform counts in the GD1-fed animals? It seems likely that the pharynx, which is responsible for grinding the food taken up by the worm, efficiently breaks down the Q-deficient E. coli. This degradation could exert an “abiotic” condition in the guts of animals fed this diet. Subsequently, GD1-fed worms begin accumulating bacteria in their guts by day ten of adulthood (Figures 7A, 7B, and 8). The transition from mid to late adulthood marks a shift in pharyngeal function [13, 14]. Animals become plagued by the effects of sarcopenia, or muscle wasting, as they age [12]. The pharynx muscle declines in pumping activity and shows increasing tissue disorder [13, 14].