Eating frequency was positively correlated with energy intake in both groups of women. Howarth et al. [2] (2007) 1,792 younger (20-59 yrs) and 893 older (60-69 Staurosporine yrs) males and females (Suspected under-reporters were excluded from analysis) Two 24 hour diet records and BMI After adjusting for sex, age, smoking status, ethnicity, income, etc in both age groups, eating frequency was positively associated with energy intake. Older and younger individuals who ate more than three and six times a day, respectively, had a significantly higher BMI (i.e., in the overweight category) than those who ate less than three and six, respectively.

Duval et al. [29] (2008) 69 non-obese (BMI b/w 20-29 kg/m2), premenopausal women (48-55 yrs) (Suspected under-reporters were excluded from analysis) 7 day food diaries,

body composition (dual x-ray absorptiometry), peak VO2, resting energy expenditure (REE) via indirect calorimetry, and physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) using an accelerometer A significant positive correlation was observed between eating frequency and total energy intake. There was an initial significant negative correlation between eating frequency and each of the JAK inhibitor following: BMI, body fat percentage and fat mass. However, after adjusting for PAEE and peak oxygen see more consumption, the associations were Mirabegron no longer significant. The observational studies listed in Table 1 tend to support [13–19], while investigations in Table 2 refute [2, 20–29] the effectiveness of increased meal frequency on body weight and/or body composition. Some of the aforementioned studies [13–15, 18, 19], if taken at face value, seem to effectively suggest a compelling negative correlation between meal frequency and body composition/body weight. However, aside from obvious genetic differences between subjects, there are other potential confounding factors that could alter the interpretation of these data. Studies

in humans that have compared self-reported dietary intake to measured and/or estimated total daily energy expenditure have shown that under-reporting of food is not uncommon in both obese and non-obese individuals [30]. Several investigations have demonstrated that the under-reporting may be significantly greater in overweight and obese individuals [24, 30–35]. Additionally, older individuals have also been shown to underreport dietary intake [36]. Under-reporting of dietary intake may be a potential source of error in some of the previously mentioned studies [13–15, 18, 19] that reported positive effects of increased meal frequency. In fact, in their well written critical review of the meal frequency research from ~1964-1997, Bellisle et al.