Further, NMDA receptors play a crucial role in the modification o

Further, NMDA receptors play a crucial role in the modification of neural connectivity during or following experiences. NMDA antagonists attenuate experience-driven reorganization of the body map in S1 of awake animals (Jablonska

et al., 1999) and retard value-related changes of neural firing in orbitofrontal cortex of behaving animals (van Wingerden et al., 2012). These data suggest that neural reactivation causes formation of long-term memories via NMDA-dependent changes in synaptic strength. The pattern reactivation phenomena we describe GS-1101 mw here is also dependent on NMDA receptors and is therefore consistent with the mechanisms of memory consolidation in the awake state. Previous studies have suggested that “reverberating” patterns are similar to spontaneous patterns that precede specific sensory experience. This phenomenon is termed “preplay” and was elegantly shown in hippocampal cortex by Dragoi and Tonegawa (2011). Similarly, in Euston et al. (2007) in Figure 1, the pretask spiking patterns in medial prefrontal cortex have obvious similarity

to patterns during the task and patterns replayed after the task. The data presented here are consistent with these results and suggest that repeated stimulation induces only gradual changes to existing spiking patterns (note that, in Figures 2D and 6A–6E, similarity of evoked patterns to preceding spontaneous activity is consistently above 0). MDV3100 mouse For that, the relationship between stimulus-evoked (or reverberating) sequences to prior patterns occurring spontaneously is a very important question. We have previously shown that

stereotypical patterns of population activity are associated mostly with the beginning of UP states (Luczak and Barthó, 2012 and Luczak et al., 2007) and that stimulus-evoked patterns have strikingly similar temporal structure to such spontaneous patterns (Luczak et al., 2009). Furthermore, even in desynchronized brain states, population activity is composed of bursts of population activity with similar temporal structure to Adenylyl cyclase patterns during UP states in synchronized states (Luczak et al., 2013). Similar sequential patterns with stereotyped spatiotemporal dynamics have been also observed in vitro (Mao et al., 2001, Cossart et al., 2003, Ikegaya et al., 2004 and MacLean et al., 2005), suggesting that network UP states could be circuit attractors. Together, these in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that connectivity patterns at the local level impose significant constraints on activity propagation (Luczak and Maclean, 2012), thus leading to formation of similar sequential population patterns both spontaneously and during stimulation (although different stimuli produce slightly different variations of that sequential pattern; Luczak et al., 2013).

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