Neurons expressing SV2A-pH were stimulated at 10 Hz for 30 s in the absence of Baf, and after a 10 min rest, were stimulated again at 10 Hz for a longer time (120 s) in the presence of Baf (Figure 2A). The difference in fluorescence intensity between the two rounds of stimulation reflects the magnitude of endocytosis that had occurred during stimulation (Figure 2B; “Endo”) (Nicholson-Tomishima and Ryan, 2004). We derived the time courses of vesicle retrieval during stimulation (labeled

as “endocytosis” in Figure 2E) by calculating the difference between the upper (with Baf) and lower (without Baf) traces from each group in Figures 2B–2D. Figure 2E shows the progress of exocytosis and endocytosis Kinase Inhibitor Library molecular weight during sustained stimulation for all groups. Endocytic rates were empirically estimated from the slope of the time courses (e.g., solid line for WT sample; Figure 2E) (Nicholson-Tomishima and Ryan, 2004). The endocytic

rate was decreased by ∼4-fold in syp−/− (0.014 arbitrary units [AU] s−1 in WT, 0.0035 AU s−1 in syp−/−), and was partially rescued by expressing wt-syp in syp−/− neurons (0.0095 AU s−1 in syp−/−; wt-syp) ( Figures 2E and 2F). We also quantified the extent of endocytosis (Endo) as a fraction of exocytosis (“Exo”) at the end of the train (t = 43 s). In syp−/− learn more neurons, the extent of endocytosis (endo/exo) during sustained neuronal activity was significantly reduced as

compared to WT neurons (0.35 ± 0.02 in WT, 0.10 ± 0.03 in syp−/−, p < 0.001); this defect was rescued by expressing wt-syp in syp−/− neurons (0.28 ± 0.03 in syp−/−; wt-syp) ( Figure 2G). Time courses of exocytosis, estimated by fitting Baf-treated SV2A-pH traces with single exponential functions, were identical in all groups (τ = 31.0 ± 1.2 s in WT, τ = 32.3 ± 1.3 s in syp−/−, τ = 32.5 ± 1.8 s in syp−/−; wt-syp) ( Figure 2H). Therefore, syp is required for efficient SV endocytosis during, as well as after, persistent neuronal activity. To understand how syp Resveratrol controls the two phases of SV endocytosis, we focused on the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail that contains putative phosphorylation sites consisting of nine repeats of tyrosine-glycine-proline/glutamine (YG(P/Q) (Sudhof et al., 1987). This tail region was reported to bind dynamin I, which is thought to mediate vesicle fission during endocytosis (Daly and Ziff, 2002 and Ferguson et al., 2007). Moreover, injection of a C-terminal fragment of syp into the squid giant axon resulted in accelerated synaptic depression during prolonged stimulation (Daly et al., 2000 and Daly and Ziff, 2002). To address the function of the C-terminal tail of syp, we expressed a mutant syp that lacks this segment (ΔC-syp, lacking amino acids 244–307 that harbor all of the nine YG(P/Q) repeats) in syp−/− neurons and analyzed the vesicle retrieval using SV2A-pH.