Next, we found that removal of doxycycline from the drinking water after 4 weeks led to emigration of the CD45.1+CD19+GFP-high, hence miR-221-expressing cells from the BM within the next 4 weeks (Fig. 4A), CD19+sIgM+ B cells appeared in the spleen and, to a lesser extent, in the peritoneum (Supporting Information Opaganib Fig. 7). We conclude that miR-221-expression is responsible for residence and retention of the transplanted cells in BM. Upon termination of miR-221-expression, half of the transplanted mice did no longer retain

CD45.1+GFP+ cells in BM. Since we had found that CD19+sIgM+CD45.1+GFP+ mature B cells had developed in spleen and peritoneum in vivo in the presence of doxycycline it is likely that at least some of the CD19, sIgM pre-B cells had left the BM, had differentiated, and were now found as sIgM+GFP− B cells, no longer expressing miR-221 in spleen and peritoneum. In the other half of the

transplanted mice, CD45.1+ GFP-low-expressing cells could selleck screening library be detected in the BM even 4 weeks after the removal of doxycycline (Fig. 4A). This could be the result of an insertion of the miR-221 vector at a site in the genome that allowed continued low level-miR-221 expression, that is, GFP expression even in the absence of doxycycline, a condition that might allow pre-B cells to enter BM, but not to leave it again. Therefore, we subcloned the miR-221-transduced cell line in an attempt to separate the two types of miR-221-expressing GFP-expressing cells that were able to migrate to BM when miR-221 was expressed. Indeed,

a cell line could be derived which migrated to BM in all transplanted hosts in the 4-week-long presence of doxycycline induced miR-221-expression, and from where all CD19+CD45.1+sIgM−GFP+ pre-B cells disappeared when miR-221 expression was terminated by the subsequent 4-week-long removal of doxycycline (Fig. 4B). Other cell lines derived from these subcloning experiments either did not migrate to BM at all when miR-221 was expressed, or did not leave the BM, after expression of miR-221 was terminated. This suggests that induction of migration and termination of residence might depend on an optimal site of insertion of the miR-221 gene into the genome that allows optimal induction and Aldehyde dehydrogenase full termination of expression. We conclude that miR-221 expression controls the retention of pre-B cells in the BM. In order to test whether miR-221 overexpression is, indeed, responsible for the change in the migratory capacity of pre-B-I cells to the BM, we used a miR-221-complementary antagomir oligonucleotide to block the action of mature miR-221 in a sequence-specific fashion [24]. Doxycycline-induced, miR-221-expressing pre-B-I cells were loaded either with miR-221-specific antagomir or, as control, with unspecific, sequence-scrambled antagomir on the day of transplantation.