Second, a neuropsychiatrie component with associated symptoms such as psychiatric disturbances and behavioral disorders, which are present in a substantial proportion of patients. These symptoms have been described in a number of ways – noncognitive features, neuropsychiatrie features, and, more recently, behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (BPSD). The commonest are (approximate frequencies in brackets): depression (up to 66% at some point during their dementia); paranoid ideation (30%); misidentifications

(20%, usually based on agnosia, often manifest as a failure to recognize others, sometimes coupled with the delusional belief that people or objects have been duplicated); hallucinations (15%, most commonly auditory, suspect an intercurrent delirium or Lewy-body dementia if persistent visual hallucinations

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical are present); aggression (20%); and wandering (20%). Third, deficits in activities of daily living. Towards the later stages of dementia, these are manifest by obvious problems in dressing, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical eating, and going to the toilet (basic activities of daily living). In the early stages, they may manifest by a failure to wash or dress to a person’s usual standard, and, in people living alone, self -neglect of the diet can lead to weight loss, while neglect of household tasks Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical lead to comments about cleanliness of the house (instrumental activities of daily living). This triad of presentation is common to all types of dementia, the differentiation being based on the clinical presentation, the presence of other features, and other aspects of the history and examination. Clinical presentation of dementia Patients with dementia tend to come to the ROCK1 attention of specialist Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical services only when symptoms begin to interfere with their lives and are affecting everyday functioning. By then, the patient is often not able to provide an accurate history and may deny there is any problem.

Batimastat A history from an informant is essential. Dementia can have an apparent selleck catalog sudden onset, coinciding with the death of a spouse, a move from a familiar neighborhood, or a foreign holiday, but such an impression may have merely brought the condition to the notice of others or have precipitated a decline because of a sudden change in the environment. Support of the patient by a spouse or other carer can minimize problems that become evident to others only after a bereavement. A thorough history from an informant usually uncovers the truth. Failing cognitive function can be minimized by adherence to rigid routines, which are disrupted when the sufferer moves away from familiar surroundings.