Such a reliable neural representation is maintained by intensity contrast gain control and by adaptive processing of temporal modulations at different time scales, corresponding to the neural delta and theta bands. Critically, the precision of this neural synchronization Oligomycin A predicts how well a listener can recognize speech

in noise, indicating that the precision of the auditory cortical representation limits the performance of speech recognition in noise. Together, these results suggest that, in a complex listening environment, auditory cortex can selectively encode a speech stream in a background insensitive manner, and this stable neural representation of speech provides a plausible basis for background-invariant recognition of speech.”
“Baudry S, Rudroff T, Pierpoint LA, Enoka RM. Load type influences motor unit recruitment in biceps brachii during a sustained contraction. J Neurophysiol 102: 1725-1735, 2009. First published July 22, 2009; doi: 10.1152/jn.00382.2009. Twenty subjects participated in four experiments S3I-201 research buy designed to compare time to task failure and motor-unit recruitment threshold during contractions sustained at 15% of maximum as the elbow flexor muscles either supported an inertial load (position task) or exerted an equivalent constant torque against a rigid

restraint (force task). Subcutaneous branched bipolar electrodes were used to record single motor unit activity from the biceps brachii muscle during ramp contractions performed before and at 50 and 90% of the time to failure for the position task during both fatiguing contractions. The time to task failure was briefer for the position task than for the force task (P = 0.0002). Thirty and 29 motor units were isolated BI 2536 purchase during the force and position tasks, respectively. The recruitment threshold declined by 48 and 30% (P = 0.0001) during the position task for motor units with an initial recruitment threshold below and above the target force, respectively, whereas no significant change in recruitment threshold was observed during the force task. Changes in recruitment

threshold were associated with a decrease in the mean discharge rate (- 16%), an increase in discharge rate variability (+ 40%), and a prolongation of the first two interspike intervals (+ 29 and + 13%). These data indicate that there were faster changes in motor unit recruitment and rate coding during the position task than the force task despite a similar net muscle torque during both tasks. Moreover, the results suggest that the differential synaptic input observed during the position task influences most of the motor unit pool.”
“Objective: To determine whether hippocampi alter in patients at the recovery stage of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and whether the changes of hippocampi involve in the cognitive impairment in such patients.