Table 5 Results of tests for S. CHIR-99021 mouse pneumoniae and N. meningitidis in 87 patients with meningitis. Bacterial species Culture and/or microscopic examination 16 S rRNA PCR OICR-9429 qmPCR Total number

No. on antibiotic treatment       Spn9802 PCR ctrA PCR     S. pneumoniae + + +   5 2   – + +   9 5 N. meningitidis + +   + 2     – + a   + 8 3   – b – - – 63   a Neisseria spp DNA was detected by 16 S rRNA PCR in 2 samples and sequence determined as Neisseria spp. Here considered as N. meningitidis b Negative for N. meningitidis and H. influenzae Discussion In this study we established a sensitive detection system that enabled simultaneous quantification of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and N. meningitidis DNA using qmPCR. The multiplex assay was reproducible and no change in detection and quantification capacity was seen when a combined mixture of reagents and a combined DNA standard (S. pneumoniae/H. influenzae/N. meningitidis) in single tubes was used (Table 2). This multiplex PCR assay reduced the expense of reagents and the required time for analysis. Antibiotic treatment prior sampling Cobimetinib clinical trial has been found to reduce the positivity rate of BAL culture from 92% to 55% in patients with severe community acquired pneumonia [6]. In this

study 66% (103/156) of the patients had antibiotic therapy prior the sampling, this high rate of antibiotic treatment is probably the reason for the suboptimal specificity of the qmPCR. Of 78 samples which were negative by culture and positive for S. pneumoniae or H. influenzae by the qmPCR, 64

were treated with antibiotic 0-7 days prior to sampling. The high rate of prior antibiotic treatment was probably also the reason for the lack of correlation between DNA concentration and bacterial concentration determined by semi-quantitative culture (Figure 2). This lack of correlation between quantification of target DNA and culture contrasts to our previous analysis of nasopharyngeal aspirates from community acquired pneumonia patients, where a significant correlation was seen, but only 25% of patients were on antibiotic treatment when samples were collected in the previous study [17, 21]. The evaluation of nucleic acid amplification tests by comparison with less sensitive reference methods such as culture is problematic. Several imperfect tests Fossariinae may be used to define a composite reference standard [30]. An alternative way to resolve cases with different test results is to use discrepant analysis where an additional method is used to determine the specimen status. Such analyses have been criticized [31], but is often the most realistic procedure for the evaluation of new methods that are more sensitive than an established reference method. In our study the Spn9802 target was evaluated by a composite reference standard and for the P6 target discrepant analysis was used. This resulted in increased specificity and a higher number of pneumonia cases with defined etiology.