The amount of protein extracted from 5 μL plasma by CTB or AV was less than that in 0.01 μL plasma or less

than 0.1% of the starting protein concentration. Despite the relatively low resolution of a 2D-gel, there were distinct differences in the protein profile in the CTB- and AV-lipid vesicles (Figure 1). Plasma was first extracted for either CTB- or AV-vesicles followed by extraction for AV- and CTB-vesicles, respectively. The extracted vesicles were then assayed for CD9, a ubiquitous MLN0128 membrane protein which was used here as a surrogate marker for plasma membrane. The level of CD9 in CTB-vesicles was similar before and after depletion with AV (Figure 2). Likewise, the level of CD9 in AV-vesicles was similar before and after depletion with CTB. Because neither of the vesicles was depleted by extraction of the other vesicle, the 2 vesicles did not share an affinity for either ligands and were distinct populations. Vesicles were isolated from plasma of preeclampsia and matched healthy pregnant women. They were then assayed for the presence of previously reported preeclampsia biomarkers using either ELISA or a commercially available antibody array. Plasma from 2 different sets of preeclampsia patients and matched healthy controls were used; 1 for each assay. Using a commercially available array of antibodies, CTB- and AV-vesicles from 6 PE patients

and 6 matched healthy controls were assayed for angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, angiopoietin 1, C reactive protein, E-selectin, endoglin (CD105), inhibitors growth hormone, interleukin-6, P-selectin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), selleck kinase inhibitor PlGF, procalcitonin, S100b, tumor growth factor β, tissue inhibitor of metallopeptidase 1, and tumor necrosis factor α (Figure 3 and Figure 4). Four proteins, namely CD105, interleukin-6,

PlGF, and tissue inhibitor of metallopeptidase 1 were significantly elevated in only CTB- but not AV-vesicles of preeclampsia patients. Another 4 PAI-1, procalcitonin, S100b, tumor growth factor β were elevated in both CTB- and AV-vesicles of PE patients. For other candidate biomarkers that Urease were not covered in the antibody array, CTB- and AV-vesicles from 5 PE patients and 5 matched controls were assayed by ELISA. The proteins assayed were CD9, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1), BNP, ANP, and PlGF. ANP was significantly increased in the CTB- but not AV-vesicles of PE patients although VEGFR1, BNP, and PlGF were significantly increased in both CTB- and AV-vesicles of PE patients (Figure 5). The statistically significant increased PlGF level (P = .047) in AV-vesicles of PE patients contrasted with its insignificant increase (P = .055) when assayed using antibody arrays. This discrepancy could be a statistical anomaly as the 2 assays were conducted using small samples of 2 independent sets of patients and controls (P = .055).