There was no eosinophilia and the urine sediment was bland consistent with a diagnosis of acute tubular necrosis (ATN). There was no further clinical improvement and at week 8 he underwent Fostamatinib supplier a diagnostic renal biopsy (Figs 1,2). The lung transplant biopsy showed lung parenchyma comprised of bronchopulmonary tissue and lymphovascular bundles. There was no evidence of allograft rejection, inflammation or other pathology. The renal biopsy contained 26 glomeruli and they showed mild mesangiopathic changes

and no evidence of a glomerulitis. A few glomeruli showed ischaemic obsolescence. The pathology was seen mainly in the tubules and focally in the interstitium. The tubules showed variable dilatation of the lumina and many of them were expanded by crystals, which were translucent. There were patchy areas of tubular cell degeneration, necrosis and debris in the lumen. Some tubular epithelial cells showed large vacuoles and loss of the brush border. There were focal areas of tubular atrophy and interstitial

fibrosis and mild cellular lymphocytic infiltration. Polarized microscopy showed birefringent crystals with some showing all colours of the rainbow. Some crystals were combined with calcium deposits (see Figs 1,2). Immunofluorescence microscopy showed no immunoglobulin, complement or light chain deposits. Electron microscopy showed crystals in tubular epithelial cells and in the lumen. They also showed patchy epithelial cell necrosis. The pathology features are those of an oxalate nephropathy with tubular obstruction Talazoparib price and epithelial necrosis. There are foci of tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis, with mild lymphocytic inflammation. The diagnosis of an acute oxalate injury was made and was felt most likely to be related

to enteric hyperoxaluria. A diagnosis of primary hyperoxaluria was unlikely, as measured urinary precursors of oxalate metabolism, Rebamipide using liquid chromatography, including urine glyoxylate, glycerate and glycolate, were not raised. There was no history of excessive ascorbic acid intake. A 24 h urine collection for oxalate showed an initial value of 367 µmol/day (normal <550 µmol/day). While within the normal range, this was in the setting of renal failure and severely reduced glomerular filtration with a low urine volume, and was likely to be a significant underestimation. Plasma oxalate was not measured. Given the absence of pretransplant renal injury or evidence for renal calculi or nephrocalcinosis, it was hypothesized that the interruption to pancreatic supplementation during his ICU stay and continuous nasogastric feeding led to lipid malabsorption with enteric calcium sequestration and increased enteric oxalate absorption with a rapid rise in serum oxalate. Severe reduction in glomerular filtration as a consequence of the vasomotor injury at the time of transplant and ATN allowed deposition of calcium oxalate crystals into sites of tissue injury, eliciting an inflammatory response and precluding reversal of tubular injury.