“
“Toxins from animal venoms with cytolytic activity play an important role in offensive and defensive actions in different organisms. In general, these roles are achieved by enzymatic cell lysis by phospholipases A2 and C.

However, a wide variety of cytolytic proteins and peptides lacking enzymatic activity have been isolated from reptilian, amphibian, insect, cnidaria, microbial and mammalian origins (Bernheimer and Rudy, 1986, Brinkman and Burnell, 2008, Frazão et al., 2012 and Kini and Evans, 1989). Differently from phospholipases, whose hemolytic activity is due to their ability to destroy cell membranes, most of those non-enzymatic proteins and peptides lyses cells by forming discrete transmembrane pores. Small osmoticants Trametinib can move in or out of the cell through those pores, while larger molecules such as proteins cannot. Thus the cell interior becomes hyperosmotic, attracting a net influx of water, which results in a sustained cell swelling and may

result in subsequent lysis (Menestrina et al., 1994). Pore-forming toxins interact to either lipids or proteins in the external cell membrane. It has been demonstrated that some toxins interact with erythrocyte membrane glycoproteins, such as glycophorin or band 3 (Garland and Buckley, 1988). Cytolytic activity on erythrocytes has been described for CDK inhibitor numerous animal venoms, including fish venoms, which exhibit high in vitro species-specific hemolytic activity. Hemolytic effect has been demonstrated in Pterois volitans, Pterois antennata ( Kiriake and

Shiomi, 2011), Scorpaena guttata ( Carlson et al., 1971), Scorpaena plumieri ( Andrich et al., 2010 and Carrijo et al., 2005), Synanceja verrucosa ( Garnier et al., 1995), Thalassophryne natterei ( Lopes-Ferreira et al., 1998 and Lopes-Ferreira et al., 2001) and Trachinus draco fish venoms ( Chhatwal and Dreyer, 1992). The hemolytic action of these venoms is very specific for rabbit erythrocytes. Erythrocytes from human, pig and chicken are resistant to hemolysis and weak hemolytic activity Tangeritin is observed on mice and cattle erythrocytes ( Chhatwal and Dreyer, 1992 and Kreger, 1991). Because fish venoms lack phospholipase A2 activity, this hemolytic action on erythrocytes can be seen as a direct hemolysis ( Khoo et al., 1992). Chhatwal and Dreyer (1992) suggested that the hemolytic activity of the T. draco venom is preceded by the binding of the hemolytic component to a protein receptor on the surface of erythrocytes. Recently, a new cytolytic toxin, referred to as Sp-CTx has been purified from the venom of the scorpionfish S. plumieri by our group ( Andrich et al., 2010).