westlingii and related species predominate. This is also reflected in the maximum and optimal growth temperature: P. citrinum grows up to 37°C, while P. westlingii and related species have a maximum growth temperature of 30°C. Besides commonly occurring in soil, P. citrinum is also reported to be an endophyte of various plants. It was the most frequently isolated species in the stem and roots of coffee plants (Posada et al. 2007), roots of Ixeris repenes (Khan et al. 2008), www.selleckchem.com/products/gs-9973.html and from leaves of qat (Catha edulis) (Mahmoud 2000). Endophytic fungi form

mutualistic interactions with their host, the relationship therefore being beneficial for both partners (Tejesvi et al. 2007; Hyde and Soytong 2008; Giordano et al. 2009). The beneficial interaction for the plant could be the production of gibberellins, which enhances stem growth, and which are claimed to be produced by P. citrinum (Khan et al. 2008). But also other plant growth regulators, citrinolactones A and sclerotinin C, were isolated from P. citrinum (Kuramata et al. 2007) and it is reported that citrinin induces swarming motility of Paenibacillus polymyxa, a growth promoting rhizobacterium (Park et al. 2008). The production of these metabolites

by P. citrinum in culture and/or in plants remains largely unknown and the role of this species may deserve further investigations. Acknowledgements The authors are extremely grateful for the technical assistance of Martin CHIR98014 mouse Meijer and Ellen Kirstine Lyhne. Osimertinib ic50 Mr. Dae-Hoo Kim is thanked for the preparation of the SEM photos and prof. Uwe Braun is acknowledged for providing the Latin diagnoses. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s)

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