With this in mind, there lies the possibility that lipoproteins of Francisella species may have the capacity to bind multiple host-derived proteins in addition to PLG. Here we have shown that FT can bind to PLG and that surface-bound PLG can be activated by tPA to its proteolytic form (plasmin). The binding of PLG on the surface of FT could play a role in several phases of tularemia, including the initial entry into the host through insect bites and/or

broken skin where active fibrinolytic processes would provide an early opportunity for FT to acquire proteolytic selleck inhibitor activity that might augment the establishment or dissemination of infection. During later phases of tularemia the acquisition of plasmin on the cell surface may contribute to its pathogenicity by degrading host innate effector molecules and extracellular matrix components. Based on the new report that FT-bound plasmin can degrade immunoglobulins [52], as well as the established ability of FT to acquire surface-bound factor H [20], it also appears likely that FT uses plasma components to interfere with host humoral immune mechanisms throughout the course of FT infection. Future studies to identify additional plasma components that can

be surface acquired by FT may uncover additional virulence mechanisms used by this pathogen during its extracellular life cycle. Conclusions FT interacts with at least two serum components (plasmin, and complement factor H), and it seems likely that FT also uses interactions with additional host serum components to gain a survival advantage. Our lab is examining FT interactions with additional targets, Selumetinib purchase including fibrinogen and fibronectin, both of which are substrates Rucaparib cell line for plasmin and are host components that are known to be exploited by numerous pathogens for adhesion to and penetration of extracellular matrix layers. The interaction

of FT with host serum components may play a significant role in the survival and dissemination of this highly pathogenic bacterium. Gaining a better understanding of these interactions could be a critical step in the Selonsertib price development of therapeutic and prophylactic interventions for tularemic disease. Methods Bacterial strains and culture F. tularensis Live Vaccine Strain (FTLVS) was a kind gift of Dr. Karen Elkins (FDA, Bethesda, MD). FT Schu S4 was obtained from the CDC. All bacterial cultures were grown overnight in Brain-Heart Infusion broth (37 g/L, pH 6.8) from frozen stocks at 37°C with shaking to mid-log phase (OD600 = ~0.7) before use. Reagents Human fresh frozen plasma (FFP) was purchased from Lifeblood Mid-South Regional Blood Center (Memphis, TN). Purified human Glu-PLG (huPLG), human single-chain tissue PLG activator (tPA), and the plasmin colorimetric substrate (H-D-Val-Leu-Lys-pNA) were purchased from Molecular Innovations (Novi, MI). Bovine serum albumin (fraction V) was purchased from Thermo-Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA).