bassiana + spinosad, T8: M. brunneum + azadirachtin, T9: M. brunneum + spinosad) on the adjusted

mortality of adult sweetpotato weevils C. formicarius. To estimate degree of damage caused by C. formicarius in different treatments, damage reduction rates (DRR) were established. First, Fulvestrant mouse holes/tuber was used to indicate the damage degree (DD). Then, the DRR of C. formicarius was calculated as the following equation: DRR=DDtreatment-DDcontrol1-DDcontrolwhere DDtreatment was the holes/tuber caused by C. formicarius in each treatment while DDtreatment was the holes/tuber caused by C. formicarius in the control treatment (water spray). Repeated measures ANOVA was also used to examine the effects of different treatments on DRR. In addition, the numbers of cadavers in each plot, evaluated by counting in randomly selected 1 m2 quadrats selleck chemicals llc in each plot, were examined to detect differences at different sampling dates with repeated measures ANOVA. Multiple Comparison method (LSD) was then used to test the differences in yield of different treatments. All analyses were conducted using SAS version 9.3 (SAS Institute, 2011). Adult mortality tests (Fig. 1, presented as adjusted percentage mortality) found that all

treatments caused significant adult mortality compared to the water control treatment (F9,441 = 10.37, P = 0.001; Fig. 1). Spinosad, B. bassiana + spinosad, and M. brunneum + spinosad each caused 100% mortality at 48 h post-treatment. Azadirachtin, B. bassiana + M. brunneum, B. bassiana + azadirachtin, and M. brunneum + azadirachtin caused 100% mortality but not until 72–144 h after the treatment. Treatments with either M. brunneum or B. bassiana alone required 168–192 h post-treatment to reach 100% mortality. All the biorational and low risk chemical treatments significantly (both Yigo and Inarajan sites; see Fig. Demeclocycline 2; Table 2) reduced the level of tuber damage by C. formicarius. However, the treatment with B. bassiana + M. brunneum

was significantly superior (Yigo, F8,153 = 8.62, P = 0.001; Inarajan, F8,153 = 15.62, P = 0.001) to all other treatments as it eliminated all damage to sweet potato tubers, something no other treatment achieved. The treatment with B. bassiana + M. brunneum produced an average of 42.7 cadavers/m2 compared to 0.0 adult cadavers/m2 in the control plots. Plots treated with B. bassiana or M. brunneum, either alone or in combination, produced an average of 0.7–16.7 cadavers/m2, which was significantly different (Yigo, F4,85 = 15.07, P = 0.001; Inarajan, F4,85 = 9.89, P = 0.001; Fig. 3) from B. bassiana + M. brunneum. All treatments with low-risk insecticides had significantly higher yields than the control treatments (Yigo, F9,20 = 217.30, P = 0.001; Inarajan, F9,20 = 535.56, P = 0.001; Fig. 4). However, the treatment with B. bassiana + M. brunneum was significantly superior (Yigo, F4,10 = 45.46, P = 0.001; Inarajan, F4,10 = 164.26, P = 0.001) to B. bassiana + azadirachtin, B. bassiana + spinosad, M.