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USA 2001, 98:5116–5121.PubMedCrossRef 71. Lopez C, Jorge V, Piégu B, Mba C, Cortes D, Restrepo S, Soto M, Laudie M, Berger C, Cooke R, Delseny M, Tohme J, Verdier V: A unigene catalogue of 5700 expressed genes in cassava. U0126 Plant Molecular Biology 2004, 56:541–554.PubMedCrossRef 72. Genome Survey Sequences Database [http://​www.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​dbGSS/​] 73. BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool), BLAST Assembled Genomes [http://​blast.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​Blast.​cgi] CH5424802 cost 74. The Gene Ontology [http://​www.​geneontology.​org/​] Authors’ contributions MS JT and VV designed the research project. MS DB and CG constructed the SSH, prepared samples for microarray studies and performed the microarray experiments. MS and DB analyzed microarray data. MS and RG carried out sequence analysis, MS and BS designed QRT-PCR

experiments. MS and VV drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Cellulosic ethanol production from renewable biomass including lignocellulosic materials and agricultural residues is a promising alternative to fossil oil as transportation energy [1–6]. Increased ethanol titer or concentration of microbial fermentation has been filipin considered as a strategy to reduce energy cost in downstream distillation

and waste treatment [7]. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a traditional ethanol producer, yet it is sensitive to high concentrations of ethanol. Ethanol diffuses freely across biological membranes in yeast cells allowing equalization of ethanol concentrations between intracellular and extracellular pools. As a result, the increased ethanol concentration in a medium inhibits cell growth, damages cell viability, and reduces ethanol yield [8–10]. Using ethanol tolerant strains for high ethanol yield fermentation is desirable for cost-efficient ethanol production. However, mechanisms of ethanol tolerance are not well known and ethanol-tolerant yeast is not readily available. More than 400 genes have been identified involving ethanol tolerance by high throughput assays [11–21]. Most genes are related to heat shock protein genes [11, 21–23], trehalose biosynthesis and amino acid pathways [13, 17, 24, 25], fatty acid and ergosterol [15, 26–30]. While a significant amount of gene expression data was obtained over the past decade, a lack of solid characterization of expression dynamics exists. For example, studies using snapshot methods were common and often lower concentrations of ethanol were applied at late stages of cell growth (Table 1).