They found BT to the upper abdomen to

be associated with significant toxicity leading to two deaths (4.3%). This led the authors to restrict the use of BT to only the lower abdomen (67). Such treatment approaches should be individualized to the patient, and their use may depend on the skill and expertise of the brachytherapist and surgeon. Dural Tacrolimus price plaque BT for spine or paraspinal sarcomas has been described by the Massachusetts General Hospital group using yttrium-90 or phosphorus-32 as a boost to EBRT (68). They described a technique of designing specific semi-cylindrical plaques based on dural areas at risk as measured on preoperative MRI. The plaques are then placed intraoperatively to deliver 7.5–15 Alisertib solubility dmso Gy and then removed. LC was achieved in 22 of 33 patients (66%) with minimal toxicity. BT may be used to treat superficial sarcomas such as angiosarcomas of the

scalp and other sites and for Kaposi sarcoma [69], [70] and [71]. Permanent seeds are a recognized BT technique that may be applicable to sarcomas in selected circumstances, particularly when target volumes are small such as in cases of head and neck, central nervous system, or other confined tumor locations. Iodine-125 (125I) mesh implants as used for non–small cell lung cancer (72) have been described for various thoracic malignancies [73] and [74]. There is, however, no consensus about the applicability of mesh implants in treatment of STSs. The most common pediatric sarcomas are gynecologic and genitourinary rhabdomyosarcomas and STS (75). In the pediatric population, BT, where applicable, can be used to minimize dose to normal tissue to mitigate the long-term toxicities of radiation, including growth retardation, effects on organ function, and theoretically decrease the secondary malignancy risk. Other advantages of BT are the decreased treatment time and to avoid or minimize the need for daily sedation. In some cases, this website it may be used as the only form of radiation therapy, and in others, it may need to be combined with EBRT. Both LDR and HDR have been described in the pediatric literature [44], [76], [77],

[78], [79], [80], [81], [82] and [83]. LDR temporary implants may incorporate the use of low-energy sources (such as 125I used alone or in combination with 192Ir) to improve dosimetry and enhance radiation safety (83). The use of temporary 125I greatly facilitates radiation protection of family members and healthcare personnel who remain in close contact with the pediatric patient during treatment. The lower tissue penetration characteristics of 125I can also be used to reduce radiation doses to adjacent organs. HDR BT altogether eliminates radiation exposure to nurses, family, and other medical personnel caring for infants and children. Because of the nature of BT in the pediatric patient, we recommend that BT be performed in centers with the necessary expertise.

The values were expressed as percentages this website of the pre-ischemic baseline value in each animal. In the cohort of mice treated with medium-dose AGL (N=7), or vehicle (N=8), after trans-cardiac, pressure-regulated perfusion with PBS, cerebral neocortex, basal ganglia, and hippocampus were removed

and kept frozen at −80 °C till analysis. The brain tissue was homogenized in buffer, and the BDNF protein levels were determined with the two-site sandwich ELISA kit (Emax Immunoassay System, Promega, USA). BDNF levels were normalized by the amount of protein in each sample. The protein concentration was measured using a BCA Protein Assay kit (Thermo Scientific, USA). All assays were performed in triplicate. All data are presented as the means±standard deviation (S.D.). One-way ANOVA with the post-hoc Holm-Sidak

method was applied to compare the variance within the different parameters. The SND scores were examined by the non-parametric Mann–Whitney test at each time point. A p-value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. This work was supported by Japan Cardiovascular Research Selleckchem FG-4592 Foundation, and Japan–China Sasakawa Medical fellowship. None. We thank the valuable assistance made by Nozomi Momosaki, and Eri Shiozuka. “
“This article has been retracted at the request of the authors and/or the Editor-in-Chief. Reason: This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor and one of the authors in recognition that the authors have plagiarized parts of papers that had already appeared in other publications, including: TINS 28 [2005] 209–216, doi:10.1016/j.tins.2005.02.005 Movement Disorders 21/S14 [2006] S305-S327, doi:10.1002/mds.20963 Ann. Rev. Neurosci 29 [2006] 229–257, doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112824. One of the conditions of submission of a paper for publication is that authors declare explicitly that their work is original and has not appeared Mirabegron in a publication elsewhere. Re-use of

any data should be appropriately cited. As such this article represents a severe abuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process. “
“This corrigendum relates to the second paragraph in section 4.4.3.3.4. of the Discussion on page 89 of the article. In that paragraph a paper (Rye et al., 1988) was cited in error. It was indicated that the cited paper described inputs to the midbrain reticular nucleus, magnocellular part (MRNm); whereas in fact the described inputs were to the magnocellular reticular nucleus (a similarly named yet different region), and not to the MRNm. “
“Figs. 3A and B were incorrectly labelled. The corrected figures appear below.

PDT of C. albicans planktonic cultures reduced cell viability in a statistically significant manner at the lowest erythrosine concentration used (0.39 μM), whilst the lowest suitable concentration for reduction of C. dubliniensis was 1.56 μM. Both strains were reduced completely at concentrations of erythrosine 3.12 μM and higher with LED irradiation of 3 min and a fluence of 42.63 J cm−2. Candida were previously shown to be completely inactivated when a blue LED (37.5 J cm−2) was used in association with Photogem

(25 mg/mL) on planktonic cultures of reference and fluconazole-resistant strains of C. albicans and C. glabrata. 19 In contrast, the present study resulted in a greater microbial reduction at lower concentrations of photosensitizer than that reported by Peloi et al.25 These authors assessed the photodynamic action of a methylene blue photosensitizer at a concentration of 35.2 μM irradiated Dapagliflozin research buy by a red LED (2–12 J cm−2) for 10–60 min against planktonic cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and C. albicans, obtaining reductions of 2.34–3.71, 1.61–3.41 and 2.77–3.87 log10, respectively. However, the fluence of the LED used by Peloi et al. 25 was approximately 3.5 times smaller than the fluence of the LED used here. We demonstrated greater microbial reductions with a smaller fluence of LED, irradiation time and dye concentration than

that reported by Soares et al.,26 who used a red LED with a fluence of 180 J cm−2 and an irradiation time of 15 min in association with 25 μM toluidine blue to achieve a 3.41 log10

PS341 reduction in fluconazole-resistant and -sensitive Candida triclocarban strains. These authors also demonstrated that PDT inhibited 55% of the adhesion of the Candida strains to buccal epithelial cells, highlighting the important impact of LED in association with toluidine blue on the inhibition of growth and virulence factors of the fluconazole-resistant and -sensitive Candida strains. The biofilms of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis exposed to PDT mediated by 400 μM erythrosine and a green LED exhibited statistically significant reductions in CFU/mL of 0.74 log10 and 0.21 log10, respectively. The result obtained for the C. dubliniensis biofilms corroborates those described by Dovigo et al. 19 for the PDT of biofilms of C. albicans and C. glabrata, which were reduced 0.24 log and 0.16 log respectively. The biofilms of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis were less susceptible to PDT than their planktonic counterparts, which could be due to the heterogeneity of the biofilm population, the restriction of antimicrobial penetration by the extracellular matrix material, the slower growth rate of the cells in the biofilms and differences in gene expression levels. 11 and 29 Chabrier-Roselló et al.30 evaluated the effects of Photofrin- and Hg arc lamp-mediated PDT on biofilms and germ tubes of C. albicans.

g. Bučas et al. 2009) differs somewhat. We believe that beach wrack Smad activation sampling is both efficient and cost-effective. Indeed, we mostly found more macrophyte species from

beach wrack samples compared to data collected by divers or using underwater cameras (Table 3). The higher species diversity recorded in beach wrack samples than in seabed samples can be explained by the higher accuracy of laboratory analysis of beach wrack samples compared to the in situ visual assessment of seabed communities. Additionally, some better floating specimens (e.g. Zostera marina L., F. vesiculosus) might have been carried from more distant areas. Zostera marina was found in the beach wrack samples but not in the seabed samples in all areas. Z. marina was previously found in the Kõiguste area ( Möller & Martin, 2007). In the Sõmeri area, the

closest known site of Z. marina is 7 km and at Orajõe 15 km away (database of the Estonian Marine Institute). Also, the higher abundance and occurrence of F. vesiculosus in beach wrack samples compared to the nearshore area indicate that the plant material in the wrack originates ERK inhibitor mw from a somewhat larger sea area than the very narrow in situ sampling transects. Therefore, sampling of beach wrack can give a more accurate estimate of species diversity than underwater visual observation in heterogeneous areas. As diving is time-consuming and expensive, only a limited number of diving transects are sampled during ordinary biodiversity assessments (e.g. environmental monitoring, inventories of marine protected areas). However, the small number of transects may not be sufficient for adequately assessing the biodiversity of large and heterogeneous marine areas. Sampling of beach wrack has the potential to improve biodiversity assessments as the method enables biodiversity information to be obtained from much larger areas compared to the sparse in situ seabed sampling. Variation of species occurrences between methods in the samples described can be explained by the different distribution of vegetation along the wrack line or sea bottom. The variations

in the data sets of beach cast samples were smaller as the species originating at different depths were bunched together Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) by the nearshore wave action. Data collected by the diver have a greater variation of species distribution at different depths along the depth gradient of the transect. Coherence between the samples of beach wrack and submerged vegetation is hydrodynamically possible because (1) the alongshore currents in the practically tideless Estonian coastal sea are meteorologically driven and generally niether persistent nor strong; the material on the beach originates from the adjacent sea areas; (2) high sea level and wave events occur on an almost regular basis at least every 10–30 days, providing fresh beach wrack material. In general, the stronger the storm event, the richer the wrack.

In Na+,K+-ATPase assays, membranes (0.05 mg/ml final concentration) were preincubated at 37 °C for 10 min with or without 2 mM ouabain, the specific inhibitor of Na+,K+-ATPase. Then

50 mM Bis–Tris–propane (pH 7.4), 0.2 mM EDTA, 5 mM MgCl2, 2 mM ouabain, 5 mM ATP, 120 mM NaCl and 24 mM KCl were added to the assay mixtures. The hydrolysis reaction was started by adding the membranes (preincubated in the absence or presence of ouabain) and stopped after 10 min by adding 2 vols of 0.1 M HCl-activated charcoal. The Navitoclax order amount of Pi released from an aliquot of 0.2 ml of the supernatant obtained after centrifugation of the charcoal suspension at 1500×g for 5 min was determined by the colorimetric method of Taussky and Shorr (1953). The specific Na+,K+-ATPase activity was calculated as the difference between the Pi released in the absence and presence of ouabain. In the ouabain-insensitive Na+-ATPase assays, the membranes (0.2 mg/ml final concentration) were preincubated with 2 mM ouabain in the presence of 20 mM Hepes–Tris Afatinib cell line (pH 7.0), 10 mM MgCl2, 120 mM NaCl and 2 mM furosemide, an inhibitor of ouabain-insensitive Na+-ATPase. The hydrolysis reaction was carried out as described above. The reaction was stopped after 10 min by adding 2 vols of 0.1 M HCl-activated charcoal. The Na+-ATPase activity was

calculated from the difference between the Pi released in the absence and presence of 2 mM furosemide. Na+,K+-ATPase α1-catalytic subunit was immunodetected in the membrane fractions obtained as described above, using a goat polyclonal antibody against the Na+,K+-ATPase α1-catalytic subunit (1:1000) and anti-goat secondary antibody (1:5000). Identification of different protein kinases (PKA and PKC) was also performed. Proteins of membrane fractions were separated in a 10% SDS-PAGE gel and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. Blocking was obtained using 5% non-fat milk in Tris-buffered saline (TBS, pH 7.6) for 1 h. Then the membranes were probed with the corresponding primary antibodies for 1 h at room temperature under stirring.

After 3 × 5 min TBS-T washing, membranes were incubated for 1 h with secondary antibody, washed again Etofibrate and visualized with ECL™. The gels were also probed with β-actin antibody as a loading control of total protein. Quantification was obtained using Scion Image software. The data are presented as mean ± SD. Differences between groups were analyzed using an unpaired Student’s t test. The differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. Table 1 describes the major alterations observed in the main renal physiological parameters, where for instance the increased water intake suggests a relation with higher fluid loss due to increased urinary flow (as a possible consequence of reduction of Na+ reabsorption, as discussed below). Increased GFR was also observed, as previously described by Nobre et al., 1999 and Nobre et al., 2003.

The results of this study should be considered in light of some limitations. First, the limited all-male forensic sample might reduce the generalizability of the findings. Second,

the relatively small sample size (n = 74) could have limited the statistical power of the study, which might explain the only nearly significant relationship found between psychopathy (F1/F2) and anxiety in two-tailed correlational analyses. The low Cronbach’s alpha found for the challenge dimension of hardiness (.411) could limit the credibility of the results as regards this dimension, although it is not uncommon to find that the challenge scale has a notably lower reliability estimate than the other two dimensions (e.g., Heckman and Clay, 2005 and Hystad et al., 2010). As Selleck ZVADFMK far as we know, this is the first study to explore the possible mediating role of psychological hardiness on the relationship between psychopathy and anxiety. The explorative nature of the study means that more research will be necessary before any conclusions can be drawn about the relationship, but the resiliency previously linked to psychopathic personality (Book and Quinsey, 2004, Dutton, 2012 and Janason et al., 2010) does seem to overlap somewhat with the resiliency linked

to psychological hardiness (Maddi, 2002). The diverging relationship UK-371804 between psychopathy and anxiety and resiliency adds empirical evidence to the notion that psychopathy is not unitary. Quite different underlying mental mechanisms seem to be involved, and F1 contains

variance in relation to resiliency and coping. Research on protective factors associated with psychopathy might help to explain how some psychopathic traits also seem to be linked to successful outcomes. Our finding of commitment as a mediator suggests that a sense of purpose and engagement in life might be important. Furthermore, a more differentiated view of psychopathy might also help to develop more specifically targeted treatment programs that take into account the heterogeneity of the psychopathy construct. In line with the positive psychology movement, which not only aims to correct weaknesses, but also to build competency (Seligman, 2002), it could be beneficial to utilize the resiliency factors that the individual possesses. “
“Information seeking selleck kinase inhibitor is a critical component of effective decision making (Griffin, Dunwoody, & Neuwirth, 1999), yet information seeking can be a mechanism for delaying decisions (Jepson & Chaiken, 1990). Hence, a process model must be applied to understand the difference between information seeking as an analytical strategy versus information seeking as procrastination. This study examined the relationship between information processing styles (how decisions are made) and information seeking (the extent to which information is sought), and its moderation by anxiety and information utility. We integrate insights from the risk and information seeking and processing theory (RISP, Griffin et al.

As observed in Fig. 1, the number of crossings (Fig. 1A) and rearings (Fig. 1B) were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in MeHg-treated mice, when compared to untreated controls. There was a significant decrease in the activity of GPx in the cerebellum (Fig. 2A; p < 0.001) and cerebral cortex ( Fig. 2B; p < 0.05) of MeHg-treated mice. TrxR activity was also decreased in both brain structures (cerebellum

– p < 0.001; cerebral cortex – p < 0.05) of MeHg intoxicated animals ( Fig. 2C and D). We analyzed the expression (protein levels) of GPx1, GPx4 and TrxR1 by Western blotting. As observed in Fig. 3, there was a significant decrease in the levels of these selenoproteins in the cerebellum of treated selleck products mice, when compared to control. Fig. 3A shows representative blots of immunoreactive bands for GPx1, GPx4, TrxR1 and β-actin (loading control) in the cerebellum of controls and MeHg treated animals. Fig. 3B–D represent the densitometric Epacadostat chemical structure analysis of immunoreactive bands for GPx1 ( Fig. 3B), GPx4 ( Fig. 3C) and TrxR1 ( Fig. 3D) in the cerebellum. The results are expressed as ratio of target protein/β-actin and controls were considered as 100%. Fig. 4A shows representative blots of immunoreactive bands for GPx1, GPx4, TrxR1 and β-actin in the cerebral cortex

of controls and MeHg treated animals. Fig. 4B–D represent the densitometric analysis of immunoreactive bands for GPx1 ( Fig. 4B), GPx4 ( Fig. 4C) and TrxR1 ( Fig. 4D) in the cortex. In the cerebral cortex of MeHg-treated mice, we did not observe a significant change in GPx1 expression ( Fig. 4B), when compared to control. The administration of MeHg to mice caused a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the activity of GR ( Fig. 5A), GST ( Fig. 5B), CAT ( Fig. 5C) and SOD ( Fig. 5D) in the cerebellum, when compared to control. In contrast, in the cerebral cortex ( Fig. 6), only CAT activity was altered. It was observed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the activity of this enzyme in the MeHg-treated animals, when compared to untreated controls ( Fig. 6C). The expression of HSP70 was determined in the brain structures (

Fig. 7). As observed in Fig. 7A, MeHg-treated mice showed an increased expression of this chaperone in the cerebellum. Immune system The levels of HSP70 were not changed in the cerebral cortex, when comparing MeHg versus control animals ( Fig. 7B). In the last years, reports in literature have pointed oxidative stress as a main mechanism by which MeHg exerts it deleterious effects to the CNS (reviewed by Farina et al., 2011a and Farina et al., 2011b). It was previously demonstrated that inhibition of important antioxidant enzymes activity could, at least in part, be responsible for the oxidative damage caused by this organometal (Carvalho et al., 2008, Carvalho et al., 2011, Farina et al., 2009, Franco et al., 2009, Glaser et al., 2010, Wagner et al., 2010 and Branco et al., 2011).

The recombinant production of key compounds of sandalwood oil, such as santalol in yeast, and of patchouli oil, such as patchoulol in E. coli, has proven the principle. The expression of a sesquiterpene synthase gene in the edible mushroom Schizophyllum commune may contribute to divert public concerns on the safety of recombinant food ingredients [35]. At the same time, biotechnology helps to overcome the destructive exploitation of tropical sources of highly appreciated flavours opening ways to a more selleck chemicals bioeconomic production. Among the obstacles of heterologous production are low expression

rates, labile and non-natural character of the chemo-synthetic precursor diphosphates, and the emotional objections of the public. Thus, the expression of flavour forming activities in plant hosts is worth being considered. When a melon Talazoparib nmr hydroperoxide lyase gene, a tomato peroxygenase gene and a potato epoxide hydrolase gene were incorporated into tobacco leaves, unsaturated fatty acids were transformed to C9-aldehydes [36•]. Advantages include easy handling, and savings of time and costs. However, to establish or reinforce aroma formation in a fruit may affect other metabolic pathways, for example by competition for the same precursors. Although it is obvious that rational

metabolic engineering has to rely on knowledge of the metabolic pathways, still not enough efforts have been made [37]. The scale-up of laboratory experiments to pilot or larger scale involves a number of problems owing to the chemistry of the volatile targets. Both substrate and product are often not well water soluble, may be sensitive towards acid or oxygen and cytotoxic towards their producers. Various procedural solutions were developed. The loss of volatile product through gas stripping by the exhaust gas stream may be turned into a down-stream step triclocarban using adsorbent traps for the recovery; co-cultivation of an adsorbent is another option. Fed-batch protocols avoid high substrate concentrations, in situ recovery is mandatory to prevent

further conversion of the product. Ionic liquids replaced water as the reaction medium, for example in reverse hydrolytic reactions. High cell density cultivations counteract the problem of insufficient yield. Two-phase systems harbour the biocatalyst (cell or enzyme) in an aqueous environment, while substrate and product are dissolved in a lipophilic compartment. A recent example is a solid–liquid two-phase partitioning bioreactor used for vanillin production [38••]. A thermoplastic polymer was used as the sequestering phase, and a final vanillin concentration of 19.5 g per litre was reached. Vanillin was recovered from the polymer by extraction into an organic solvent, simultaneously regenerating the polymer beads for reuse. The industrial feasibility of a bioprocess mainly depends on its productivity. Two digit yields per litre and day have been achieved for volatile flavours [39].

“
“Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 2014, 21:170 This

review comes from a themed issue on Mechanisms Edited by AnnMarie C O’Donoghue and Shina CL Kamerlin For a complete overview see the Issue and the Editorial Available online 28th July 2014 1367-5931/$ – see front matter, © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.06.009 In the article originally published, a grant acknowledgment was inadvertently omitted: NCI Alliance of Glycobiologists for Detection of Cancer and Cancer RiskU01 CA168925. “
“In the December JACR (2013;10:12), Dr. Christoph Lee’s name was misspelled. His correct information is Christoph I. Lee, MD, MSHS. We regret Selleckchem GSK2118436 the error. “
“In the article titled: Delivery of Appropriateness, Quality, Safety, Efficiency and Patient Satisfaction by Giles W. Boland, MD, Richard Duszak Jr, MD, Geraldine McGinty, MD, MBA, Bibb Allen Jr, MD, there was an error in reference 20. The correct reference is: Breslau J, Lexa FJ. Radiologist’s Primer on

Accountable Care Organizations. J Am Coll Radiol 2011;8:164-8. “
“Landmark reports from the Institute of Medicine in the 1990s and 2000s revealed considerable gaps in the quality and safety of health care in the United States 1, 2 and 3. Since that time, public and private organizations and governments have increasingly focused on quality improvement, including the development Epigenetic high throughput screening of performance measures in medicine. A performance measure is a specific quantifiable indicator of an aspect of health care, expressed as a proportion or percentage of patients who are treated according to a specified standard. Performance measures typically focus on structures, processes, or outcomes of care 4 and 5. With appropriate benchmarks, performance measures allow health care practitioners to Phospholipase D1 identify areas within their practices that could be

improved 4 and 5. For example, the ACR National Radiology Data Registry provides benchmark information on numerous measures, allowing radiology practices to compare their performance measure data with other practices to determine performance gaps [6]. A sound methodologic approach to measuring these aspects of care should result in higher quality and more efficient care, as well as improved patient outcomes. Although the primary intent for using performance measures is to improve health care quality, public and private payers also increasingly use them as a mechanism to establish a financial incentive for practitioners to improve quality and reduce costs [7]. Performance measures are now used in a variety of programs that adjust payments on an individual practitioner, group, or institutional level.

Die meisten Methoden stützen sich auf verschiedene HPLC-Trenntechniken in direkter Kombination mit sensitiven und selektiven Detektionsmethoden. Die ICP-Massenspektrometrie nimmt inzwischen eine herausragende Stellung als eine solche Detektionsmethode Obeticholic Acid purchase ein, da sich mit ihr vergleichsweise einfach Pt-spezifische Signale von Krebsmedikamenten und ihren

Hydrolyseprodukten online messen lassen. Die mittels HPLC-ICP-MS erhaltenen Ergebnisse wurden durch Strukturinformationen, z. B. aus ESI-MS-Experimenten, weiter gestützt. Bei der Aufklärung rascher kinetischer Veränderungen wurden zur raschen Trennung von Pt-Spezies sogar Kapillarelektrophoresetechniken eingesetzt. Auf diese Weise haben Methoden der Platinspeziation erheblich zum Verständnis der Aktivierung der Medikamente durch Hydrolyse bzw. zu ihrer Inaktivierung durch Bindung an Proteine beigetragen. Solche Untersuchungen wurden nicht nur in sorgfältig

kontrollierten Modellen, sondern auch in Serumproben von Patienten durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse der letzteren Experimente bestätigten die anhand von Modelllösungen gewonnenen Einsichten. Die Speziation von Urinproben von Patienten erbrachte Informationen zum Zeitverlauf der Pt-Exkretion und über die biologische Halbwertszeit. Weiterhin ermöglichte die Pt-Speziation in Urin den Nachweis von Pt-Metaboliten, die letztlich vom Organismus ausgeschieden Buparlisib datasheet wurden, und damit die Beurteilung

des Metabolismus der Pt-Medikamente in vivo. Die Ergebnisse der Pt-Speziation wurden auch zur Beurteilung der Wirksamkeit neuer Chemotherapeutika auf Platin-Basis angewendet und erbrachten frühzeitige Informationen Tyrosine-protein kinase BLK zu ihrer möglichen Affinität, Reaktionen mit deaktivierenden Liganden einzugehen. Es besteht kein Zweifel, dass die Platinspeziation von den interessanten Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Speziationsmethoden insgesamt profitieren wird. Darauf aufbauend kann sie dazu beitragen, weitere Probleme bei der Forschung über Pt-haltige Medikamente zu lösen, und diesem wichtigen Forschungsfeld einige starke Impulse geben. Beim Autor besteht kein Interessenkonflikt. Der Autor möchte Herrn Prof. Dr. S. Halbach für die kritische Durchsicht des Manuskripts danken. Dieser Review ist Teil der Serie von Übersichtsartikeln über Spurenelemente in dieser Zeitschrift, die von der Gesellschaft für Mineralstoffe und Spurenelemente e. V. initiiert wurde. “
“Mn ist ein ubiquitäres essenzielles Spurenelement, das für normales Wachstum, Entwicklung und zelluläre Homöostase erforderlich ist [1]. Mn ist insbesondere wichtig für die Knochenbildung, den Fett- und Kohlehydratstoffwechsel, die Blutzuckerregulation und die Calciumresorption.