Further studies on CCNSs as carriers for etoposide (loading capacity

39.7%) demonstrated their pH-sensitive drug release profile and enhanced cytotoxicity by increasing cellular uptake and apoptosis to tumor cell. The cytotoxicity test and apoptosis test showed that the carrier of CCNSs was almost nontoxic and ECCNSs were evidently more efficient than free etoposide in antitumor effect and deliver activity. These results also indicated that the hierarchical mTOR inhibitor mesoporous CaCO3 nanospheres (CCNSs) hold great promise to overcome the drawbacks of water-insoluble drugs such as etoposide and thereby enhance their therapeutic effect. Authors’ information DS and RZ are assistant professors. SW is a professor, and HP, KL, TW, JW, and JW are graduate students from the School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University. Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the 973 project of the Ministry of Science and Technology (grant no. 2010CB912604, 2010CB933901), International S&T

Cooperation Program INK 128 solubility dmso of China, (grant no. 0102011DFA32980), Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (grant no. 11411951500, 12 nm0502200) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities. Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Figure S1: TEM and SEM images of a series of intermediates trapped during the reaction. (TIFF 4 MB) Additional file 2: Figure S2: Particle size distributions from of CCNSs (a) and ECCSs (b). (TIFF 235 KB) Additional file 3: Figure S3: FT-IR spectra of (curve a) ECCNSs (curve b) CCNSs, and (curve c) etoposide. (JPG 272 KB) References 1. Bisht S, Maitra A: Dextran-doxorubicin/chitosan nanoparticles for solid tumor therapy.

Wires Nanomed Nanobi 2009, 1:415–425.CrossRef 2. Li RH, Hehlman R, Sachs R, Duesberg P: Chromosomal alterations cause the high rates and wide ranges of drug resistance in cancer cells. Cancer Genet Cytogen 2005, 163:44–56.CrossRef 3. Chilkoti A, Dreher MR, Meyer DE, Raucher D: Targeted drug delivery by thermally responsive polymers. Adv Drug Deliver Rev 2002, 54:613–630.CrossRef 4. Duesberg P, Li RH, Sachs R, Fabarius A, Upender MB, Hehlmann R: Cancer drug resistance: the central role of the karyotype. Drug Resist Update 2007, 10:51–58.CrossRef 5. Luo GF, Xu XD, Zhang J, Yang J, Gong YH, Lei Q, Jia HZ, Li C, Zhuo RX, Zhang XZ: Encapsulation of an adamantane-doxorubicin prodrug in pH-responsive polysaccharide capsules for controlled release. Acs Appl Mater Inter 2012, 4:5317–5324.CrossRef 6. Shah JC, Chen JR, Chow D: Preformulation study of etoposide: identification of physicochemical characteristics responsible for the low and erratic oral bioavailability of etoposide. Pharm Res 1989, 6:408–412.CrossRef 7. Shi JJ, Votruba AR, Farokhzad OC, Langer R: Nanotechnology in drug delivery and tissue engineering: from discovery to applications.

Jian Guo wants to thank the 2013 Doctoral Innovation Funds of Southwest Jiaotong University and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, the Cultivation Project of Sichuan Province Science and Technology Innovation Seedling Project (20132077). References 1. Li B, Kang MK, Lu K, Huang R, Ho PS, Allen RA, Cresswell MW: Fabrication and characterization

of patterned single-crystal silicon nanolines. Nano BIX 1294 purchase Lett 2008, 8:92–98.CrossRef 2. Garnett E, Yang PD: Light trapping in silicon nanowire solar cells. Nano Lett 2010, 10:1082–1087.CrossRef 3. Ho JW, Wee Q, Dumond J, Tay A, Chua SJ: Versatile pattern generation of periodic, high aspect ratio Si nanostructure arrays with sub-50-nm resolution on a wafer scale. Nanoscale

Res Lett 2013, 8:506.CrossRef 4. Priolo F, Gregorkiewicz T, Galli M, Krauss TF: Silicon nanostructures for photonics and photovoltaics. Nat Nanotechnol 2014, 9:19–32.CrossRef 5. Luo G, Xie GY, Zhang YY, Zhang GM, Zhang YY, Carlberg P, Zhu T, Liu ZF: Scanning probe lithography for nanoimprinting mould fabrication. Nanotechnology 2006, 17:3018–3022.CrossRef 6. Chou SY, Keimel C, Gu J: Ultrafast and direct imprint of nanostructures in silicon. Nature 2002, 417:835–837.CrossRef 7. Choi I, Kim Y, Yi J: Fabrication of selleck kinase inhibitor hierarchical micro/nanostructures via scanning probe lithography and wet chemical etching. Ultramicroscopy 2008, 108:1205–1209.CrossRef 8. Oh TS, Kim HJ, Kim DE: Prevention of hillock formation during micro-machining of silicon by using OTS-SAM and SiO 2 coatings. Cirp Ann-manuf Techn 2010, 59:259–262.CrossRef 9. Sung IH, Kim DE: Nano-scale patterning by mechano-chemical scanning probe lithography. Appl Surf Sci 2005, 239:209–221.CrossRef

10. Yu BJ, Dong HS, Qian LM, Chen YF, Yu JX, Zhou ZR: Friction-induced nanofabrication on monocrystalline silicon. Nanotechnology 2009, 20:465303. 8ppCrossRef 11. Song CF, Li XY, Yu BJ, Dong HS, Qian LM, Zhou ZR: Friction-induced nanofabrication method to produce protrusive nanostructures on quartz. Nanoscale Res Lett 2011, 6:310.CrossRef 12. Jiang XH, Wu Bay 11-7085 GY, Zhou JF, Wang SJ, Tseng AA, Du ZL: Nanopatterning on silicon surface using atomic force microscopy with diamond-like carbon (DLC)-coated Si probe. Nanoscale Res Lett 2011, 6:518.CrossRef 13. Avouris P, Hertel T, Martel R: Atomic force microscope tip-induced local oxidation of silicon: kinetics, mechanism, and nanofabrication. Appl Phys Lett 1997, 71:285–287.CrossRef 14. Park JW, Kawasegi N, Morita N, Lee DW: Tribonanolithography of silicon in aqueous solution based on atomic force microscopy. Appl Phys Lett 2004, 85:1766–1768.CrossRef 15. Johannes MS, Cole DG, Clark RL: Atomic force microscope based nanofabrication of master pattern molds for use in soft lithography. Appl Phys Lett 2007, 91:123111.CrossRef 16. Miyake S, Kim J: Nanoprocessing of silicon by mechanochemical reaction using atomic force microscopy and additional potassium hydroxide solution etching.

westlingii and related species predominate. This is also reflected in the maximum and optimal growth temperature: P. citrinum grows up to 37°C, while P. westlingii and related species have a maximum growth temperature of 30°C. Besides commonly occurring in soil, P. citrinum is also reported to be an endophyte of various plants. It was the most frequently isolated species in the stem and roots of coffee plants (Posada et al. 2007), roots of Ixeris repenes (Khan et al. 2008), www.selleckchem.com/products/gs-9973.html and from leaves of qat (Catha edulis) (Mahmoud 2000). Endophytic fungi form

mutualistic interactions with their host, the relationship therefore being beneficial for both partners (Tejesvi et al. 2007; Hyde and Soytong 2008; Giordano et al. 2009). The beneficial interaction for the plant could be the production of gibberellins, which enhances stem growth, and which are claimed to be produced by P. citrinum (Khan et al. 2008). But also other plant growth regulators, citrinolactones A and sclerotinin C, were isolated from P. citrinum (Kuramata et al. 2007) and it is reported that citrinin induces swarming motility of Paenibacillus polymyxa, a growth promoting rhizobacterium (Park et al. 2008). The production of these metabolites

by P. citrinum in culture and/or in plants remains largely unknown and the role of this species may deserve further investigations. Acknowledgements The authors are extremely grateful for the technical assistance of Martin CHIR98014 mouse Meijer and Ellen Kirstine Lyhne. Osimertinib ic50 Mr. Dae-Hoo Kim is thanked for the preparation of the SEM photos and prof. Uwe Braun is acknowledged for providing the Latin diagnoses. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s)

and source are credited. References Abe S (1956) Studies on the classification of the Penicillia. J Gen Appl Microbiol 2:1–193CrossRef Abe M, Imai T, Ishii N, Usui M, Okuda T, Oki T (2005) Quinolactacide, a new quinoline insecticide from Penicillium citrinum Thom F 1539. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 69:1202–1205CrossRefPubMed Amagata T, Amagata A, Tennney K, Valeriote FA, Lobkovsky E, Clardy J, Crews P (2003) Unusual C25 steroids produced by a sponge-derived Penicillium citrinum. Org Lett 5:4393–4396CrossRefPubMed Ambrose AM, Deeds F (1945) Acute and subacute toxicity of pure citrinin. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 59:289–291 Baghdadi VC (1968) De speciebus novis Penicilli Fr. Et Aspergilli Fr. E terries Syriae isolatis notula. Nov Syst Niz Rast 7:96–114 Chen C-H, Shaw C-Y, Chen C-C, Tsai Y-C (2002) 2, 3, 4-trimethyl-5, 7-dihydroxybenzofuran, a novel antioxidant, from Penicillium citrinum F5. J Nat Prod 65:740–741CrossRefPubMed Clark BR, Capon RJ, Lacey E, Tennant S, Gill JH (2006) Citrinin revisited: from monomers and beyond.