The correlation between ergosterol and mycelium biomass depended on the growth phase of mould. Meaningful relation was obtained for initial two phases, when both parameters were growing equally. The quadratic function for estimation of the biomass based on ergosterol content was formulated. The

error resulting from the application of this function in initial phases Dinaciclib cell line of moulds growth was small at 5-7%, in the following phases it was at 11-31%.

Mycelium biomass can be precisely determined basing on the ergosterol content, when we know the moulds growth phase. In natural environments, without the information about growth phases, it will be possible, but with the higher error.

Presented model based on the ergosterol content making possible to estimate the quantity of mycelium in moulds cultures and natural environments.”
“Atomoxetine is a specific inhibitor of the norepinephrine transporter (NET) that has demonstrated efficacy Selleckchem Dorsomorphin in the treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We investigated whether polymorphisms in the NET/SLC6A2 gene may influence atomoxetine response in ADHD. Two independent cohorts of 160 and 105 ADHD children treated for 6 weeks with atomoxetine (0.5-1.8 mg/kg per day) were genotyped on CYP2D6, which metabolizes atomoxetine, and 108 single

nucleotide polymorphisms in the NET/SLC6A2 gene. Response was defined as a minimum decrease of Epothilone B (EPO906, Patupilone) 25% in ADHD Rating Scale IV-Parent Version and a Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score less than or equal to 2 at week 6. Interindividual response was independent of the genetic variants of CYP2D6. Significant (p < 0.05) associations between 20 NET/SLC6A2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and clinical efficacy in atomoxetine responders, compared with non-responders, were observed. The genomic region across exons 4 to 9 of NET/SLC6A2, where 36 SNPs have been genotyped, was associated with treatment response in both cohorts (p < 0.01,

odds ratio = 2.2 and p = 0.026, odds ratio = 6.3, respectively), in the combined cohort (p < 0.01, odds ratio = 1.83), and in the subgroup of Caucasians only (p = 0.02, odds ratio = 1.8). Clinical efficacy of atomoxetine treatment in ADHD shows potential dependence upon a series of genetic polymorphisms of its mechanistic target, the norepinephrine transporter. Taking into account the high heritability of ADHD, the significance of the present finding and replication of a similar haplotype allele sequence result in an independent cohort, it is suggested that further assessment of this region could be useful in determining response to atomoxetine in ADHD. Neuropsychopharmacology (2009) 34, 2135-2142; doi:10.1038/npp.2009.39; published online 22 April 2009″
“To develop a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based approach for the detection of nifH gene-containing Paenibacillus in environmental samples.

We report the 1-year clinical outcomes of aortic valve replacement JSH-23 mouse with the EDWARDS INTUITY Valve System (Edwards Lifesciences LLC, Irvine, Calif) in the Surgical Treatment of Aortic Stenosis With a Next Generation Surgical Aortic Valve (TRITON) trial.

Methods: Seventeen surgeons from 6 European centers treated 152 consecutive patients with aortic stenosis requiring valve replacement in a prospective, single-arm trial. A stented trileaflet bovine pericardial bioprosthesis with a balloon-expandable, cloth-covered stent frame at the inflow aspect was implanted in 146 patients (mean age, 75.5 +/- 6.7 years; 52.7% were

female). Five valve sizes were evaluated (19-27 mm); 58.9% of cases had isolated aortic valve replacement, and 41.1% of cases involved concomitant procedures. Minimally invasive surgical approaches occurred in 48.8% of the isolated aortic valve replacements. Patients were followed at discharge, 3 months, and 1 year postoperatively.

Results: Implantation success was 96.1% (146/152), early valve-related mortality was 1.4% (2/146), and cumulative survival was 92.5% at a mean follow-up of 9.8 +/- 5.1 months. Crossclamp time for isolated aortic valve replacement was 41.1 +/- 10.6 minutes. Independent core laboratory-adjudicated

mean effective orifice area and aortic valve pressure gradient were 1.7 +/- 0.2 cm(2) and 8.8 +/- 3.0 mm Hg at 3 months, and 1.7 +/- 0.2 cm(2) and 8.4 +/- 3.4 mm Hg at 1 year, respectively.

Conclusions: Implantation of the EDWARDS INTUITY Valve System is feasible, safe, and efficacious for aortic valve replacement. Aortic crossclamp Entospletinib supplier and cardiopulmonary bypass times were reduced compared with those for conventional aortic valve replacement. Early hemodynamic performance was excellent and

remained so up to 1 year. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013;145:110-6)”
“The Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) Study revealed poorer antidepressant treatment response among black compared with white participants. This racial disparity persisted even after socioeconomic and baseline clinical factors Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase were taken into account. Some studies have suggested genetic contributions to this disparity, but none have attempted to disentangle race and genetic ancestry. Here we used genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data to examine independent contributions of race and genetic ancestry to citalopram response. Secondary data analyses included 1877 STAR*D participants who completed an average of 10 weeks of citalopram treatment and provided DNA samples. Participants reported their race as White (n = 1464), black (n = 299) or other/mixed (n = 114). Genetic ancestry was estimated by multidimensional scaling (MDS) analyses of about 500 000 SNPs. Ancestry proportions were estimated by STRUCTURE.

Quinpirole pretreatment also abolished the facilitatory effect of SKF 81297.

These studies show for the first time that ongoing NMDA receptor activation is necessary for the modulation of striatal NOS activity by both facilitatory (D1 receptor CBL0137 activation) and inhibitory (D2 receptor activation) dopaminergic signaling mechanisms.”
“Nicotinic

receptors have been linked to a wide range of cognitive and behavioral functions, but surprisingly little is known about their involvement in cost benefit decision making. The goal of these experiments was to determine how nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) expression is related to two forms of cost benefit decision making. Male Long Evans rats were tested in probability- and delay-discounting tasks, which required discrete trial choices between a small

reward and a large reward associated with varying probabilities of omission and varying delays to reward delivery, respectively. Following testing, radioligand binding to PKC inhibitor alpha 4 beta 2* and alpha 7 nAChR subtypes in brain regions implicated in cost benefit decision making was examined. Significant linear relationships were observed between choice of the large delayed reward in the delay discounting task and alpha 4 beta 2* receptor binding in both the dorsal and ventral hippocampus. Additionally, trends were found suggesting that choice of the large costly reward in both discounting tasks was inversely related to alpha 4 beta 2* receptor binding in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens shell. Similar trends suggested that choice of the large delayed

reward in the delay discounting task was inversely related to alpha 4 beta 2* receptor binding in the orbitofrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens core, and basolateral amygdala, as well as to alpha 7 receptor binding in the basolateral amygdala. These data suggest that nAChRs (particularly alpha 4 beta 2*) play both unique and common roles in decisions that require consideration during of different types of reward costs. (C) 2012 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“RNA-RNA interaction is used in many biological processes such as gene expression regulation. In this process, an RNA molecule prohibits the translation of another RNA molecule by establishing stable interactions with it. In this regard, some algorithms have been formed to predict the structure of the interaction between two RNA molecules. One common pitfall in the most algorithms is their high computational time. In this paper, we introduce a novel algorithm called TIRNA to accurately predict the secondary structure between two RNA molecules based on minimum free energy (MFE). The algorithm is stand on a heuristic approach which employs some dot matrices for finding the secondary structure of each RNA and between two RNAs.

Recent data from pharmacological and genetic studies indicate a significant function of GAL in stress-related disorders. By using a tag SNP approach covering the locus encoding preprogalanin (PPGAL), earlier findings of female-specific associations of polymorphisms in this locus with panic disorder were expanded to a larger sample of 268 outpatients with anxiety disorders (ADs). Within a larger sample of 541 inpatients with major depressive disorder (MDD), we then tested associations of one PPGAL tag SNP with specific depression symptom clusters and HPA-axis activity assessed by the combined dexamethasone-suppression/CRH-stimulation

test both at inpatient admission and discharge this website (n = 298). Gender specificity as well as dependence of the association on levels of circulating estrogens was analyzed. Genotyping revealed high linkage disequilibrium in the promoter area of

the PPGAL gene, which includes several estrogen-response elements. Confirming earlier results, rs948854, tagging this promoter region, was associated with more severe anxiety pathology in female AD patients, but not in males. In premenopausal female MDD patients, the same allele of rs948854 was associated click here with more severe vegetative but not cognitive depressive symptoms at discharge and worse treatment response on antidepressant medication. Furthermore, this allele was associated with higher HPA-axis activity at admission. No significant case-control associations SDHB could be observed. However, because of power limitations of both patient samples, small effects cannot be excluded. The reported associations in independent samples of AD and MDD support an estrogen-dependent function of GAL in pathophysiology of anxiety and depression, affecting response to antidepressant treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology ( 2010) 35, 1583-1592; doi: 10.1038/npp.2010.30; published online 17 March 2010″
“We determined the efficiency of thermoregulation by the Southernmost liolaemids Liolaemus sarmientoi and L. magellanicus from Patagonia, Argentina (51

degrees S), by measuring body (T(b)), microenvironmental, and operative temperatures in the field, and preferred body temperatures in the laboratory (T(pref)). L. sarmientoi was found to be a poor thermoregulator, whereas L. magellanicus was deemed to be a constrained thermoconformer. Among all known species of Lioloemus, L. sarmientoi and L. magellonicus had the lowest T(b).s when tested in the field; however, their T(b).s were similar to other liolaemids. These data suggest that these southernmost liolaemid species have not evolved appropriate thermoregulatory behaviors or made adequate physiological adaptations to face the extreme thermal challenges of their environment. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Although this was an open study in a relatively small sample, our results suggest that HF-rTMS might act on the ‘psychomotor’ level and these findings could add some further information as to why this kind of treatment can be beneficial for severely depressed patients of the melancholic subtype. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Classical

conditioning is widely used to study motivational properties of addictive drugs in animals, but has rarely been used in humans. We established a procedure suitable for studying the neurobiology and individual determinants of classical conditioning in humans. Healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to four groups that received methamphetamine or placebo in the presence of distinctive environmental cues under paired or unpaired conditions. During each session, subjects performed find more tasks known to activate the ventral striatum. Tasks were MK-0518 performed in the presence of a distinctive context, consisting of a screen background image of a beach or mountains, accompanied by corresponding

sounds. Separate groups of subjects carried out the tasks under high ($35-50) or low ($5-20) reward conditions. Within each of the two reward conditions, one group (paired) received methamphetamine (20 mg, oral) or placebo consistently associated with one of the contexts, while the other (unpaired) received drug or placebo unrelated to context. A fifth group (paired) performed the tasks with contextual cues but in the absence of monetary incentives. Before and after conditioning, participants carried out a series of forced choice tasks for the contextual cues, and change of preference over time was analyzed. All paired groups showed a significant increase in preference for the drug-associated context, with a linear trend for increase across the levels of reward. Preference was unrelated to subjective drug effects, and did not change in the unpaired group. These data support

the translational utility of our conditioning procedure for studies of reward mechanisms in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology (2013) 38, 921-929; doi:10.1038/npp.2013.3; published online 27 February 2013″
“Compared to seasonal influenza viruses, the 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) virus caused greater morbidity and mortality in children and young adults. selleck inhibitor People over 60 years of age showed a higher prevalence of cross-reactive pH1N1 antibodies, suggesting that they were previously exposed to an influenza virus or vaccine that was antigenically related to the pH1N1 virus. To define the basis for this cross-reactivity, ferrets were infected with H1N1 viruses of variable antigenic distance that circulated during different decades from the 1930s (Alaska/35), 1940s (Fort Monmouth/47), 1950s (Fort Warren/50), and 1990s (New Caledonia/99) and challenged with 2009 pH1N1 virus 6 weeks later.

In the present study, we dissected the effects of neurotropin on sensory neurons with selleck compound a special focus on axonal transport using cultured mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Movement of organelles in neurites was recorded by real-time video-enhanced microscopy. Neurotropin significantly reduced bidirectional axonal transport in time- and concentration-dependent manners without affecting the diameter of these neurites. This is the first report to show the inhibitory

effect of neurotropin on axonal transport, and suggest that this action may mediate, at least in part, the analgesic effects of this agent. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“For the early detection of the H275Y mutation as a marker of oseltamivir resistance in A(H1N1)

pandemic strains, a sensitive and specific pyrosequencing Nirogacestat assay was developed. This assay analyses a region 99 nts long, encompassing the H275Y site, amplified by a nested PCR. Seventy-five respiratory specimens, obtained from 62 patients during the pandemic and in the 2010-2011 influenza season, in Tuscany, were tested. Resistant strains were demonstrated in 10 patients. In three other patients, resistant and sensitive variants were found. This pyrosequencing assay may be a useful method for monitoring the spread of resistant influenza H1N1 2009 strains. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Chronic exposure to stress is known to affect learning and memory in adults through the release of glucocorticoid hormones by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In adults, glucocorticoids alter synaptic structure and function in brain regions that express high levels of glucocorticoid receptors and that mediate goal-directed behaviour and learning and memory. In contrast to relatively transient effects of stress on cognitive function in adulthood, exposure to high levels of glucocorticoids in early life can produce enduring changes through substantial remodeling of the developing nervous system. Adolescence is another time of significant brain development and maturation of the HPA axis, thereby

providing another opportunity for glucocorticoids to exert programming effects on neurocircuitry involved Sclareol in learning and memory. These topics are reviewed, as is the emerging research evidence in rodent models highlighting that adolescence may be a period of increased vulnerability compared to adulthood in which exposure to high levels of glucocorticoids results in enduring changes in adult cognitive function. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Dopamine depletion in Parkinson’s disease (PD) results in bradykinesia and tremor. Therapeutic administration of the dopamine precursor, L-Dopa, alleviates these symptoms but dyskinesia’s can manifest with chronic treatment. In the MPTP toxin mouse model of PD, lesion severity is often assessed by the rotarod behavioral assay.

The excess in significant reductions

was accounted for almost entirely by the excess from neutron experiments (10 observed, 6.2 expected). Nine of these 10 dose groups involved only 2 distinct control groups, and 2 pairs from the 10 even shared dosed animals. Given this high degree of overlap, this small excess did not appear remarkable, although the overlap prevented a formal statistical analysis. A comprehensive post hoc evaluation using a range of NOEL definitions and alternative ways of restricting the data entering the analysis did not produce materially different results. A second meta-analysis found that, in every possible low dose range ([0, d] for every dose, d) of each of the radiation types, the number of dose groups with significantly www.selleckchem.com/products/SB-203580.html increased tumorigenic responses was either close to or exceeded the number showing significantly reduced responses. This meta-analysis was considered to be the more definitive one. Not only did it take dose into account by looking for consistent evidence of hormesis throughout defined low-dose ranges, it was also potentially less susceptible to limitations in experimental protocols that

would cause individual animals to respond in a non-independent fashion. Overall, this study found little evidence in a comprehensive animal radiation database to support the hormesis hypothesis. However, the ability Cisplatin in vitro of the database to detect a hormetic effect was limited both by the small number of dose groups with doses below the range where positive effects have been found in epidemiological studies (<= 0.1 Gy) and by the limited power of many of these dose groups for detecting a decrease in response.”
“Psychopathy

is a developmental disorder marked by emotional hypo-responsiveness and an increased risk for antisocial behavior. Influential attention-based accounts of psychopathy have long been Palmatine made; however, these accounts have made relatively little reference to general models of attention in healthy individuals. This review has three aims: (1) to summarize Current cognitive neuroscience data on differing attentional systems; (2) to examine the functional integrity of these attentional systems in individuals with psychopathy; and (3) to consider the implications of these data for attention and emotion dysfunction accounts of psychopathy.”
“Brain edema is an important complication of acute hepatic encephalopathy (AHE), and astrocyte swelling is largely responsible for its development. Elevated blood and brain ammonia levels have been considered as major etiological factors in this edema. In addition to ammonia, recent studies have suggested that systemic infection, inflammation (and associated cytokines (CKs)), as well as endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) are also involved in AHE-associated brain edema. As endothelial cells (ECs) are the first resident brain cells exposed to blood-borne “”noxious agents”" (i.e.

Behavioural analysis was carried out to assess anxiety- and depressive-like behaviours. The combination of GDX and CMS produced greater passive behaviours within the forced swim test than CMS exposure alone. Similarly, hippocampal cell proliferation, neurogenesis and the expression of the neuroplastic protein polysialated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) were all significantly reduced in the GDX-CMS group compared to all other treatment groups. These findings indicate that testicular hormones confer resiliency to chronic

stress in males therefore reducing the likelihood of developing putative physiological, BAY 73-4506 chemical structure behavioural or neurological depressive-like phenotypes. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate duplex ultrasound arterial mapping (DUAM)

as the sole imaging modality when planning for bypass surgery (BS) and endovascular revascularization (EvR) in patients with critical limb ischemia for TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) II C/D infrainguinal lesions.

Methods: This was a retrospective review evaluating the accuracy of DUAM as the sole imaging tool in determining patient suitability for BS vs EvR. Primary outcomes were the sensitivity and specificity of DUAM compared with intraoperative digital subtraction angiography. Secondary outcomes were procedural, hemodynamic, and clinical outcomes, amputation-free survival, and freedom from major adverse clinical events.

Results: From 2002 to 2012, a total of 4783 patients with peripheral arterial disease were referred, of whom 622 critical limb ischemia patients underwent Elafibranor mw revascularization for TASC C and D lesions (EvR: n = 423; BS: n = 199). Seventyfour percent of EvR and 82% of BS were performed for TASC D (P = .218). The DUAM showed sensitivity of 97% and specificity of 98% in identifying lesions requiring intervention. Of the 520 procedures performed with DUAM alone,

there was no difference regarding the number of procedures performed for occlusive or de novo lesions (EvR: 65% and 71%; BS: 87% and 78%; P = .056). Immediate clinical improvement to the Rutherford category <= 3 was 96% for EvR and Prostatic acid phosphatase 97% for BS (P = .78). Hemodynamic success was 79% for EvR and 77% for BS (P = .72). Six-year freedom from binary restenosis was 71.6% for EvR and 67.4% for BS (P = .724). Six-year freedom from target lesion revascularization was 81.1% for EvR and 70.3% for BS (P = .3571). Six-year sustained clinical improvement was 79.5% for EvR and 66.7% for BS (P = .294). Six-year amputation-free survival was 77.2% for EvR and 74.6% for BS (P = .837). There was a significant difference in risk of major adverse clinical events between EvR and BS (51% vs 70%; P = .034). Only 16.4% of patients required magnetic resonance angiography, which tended to overestimate lesions with 84% agreement with intraoperative findings.

Valproate alone did not show analgesic effects; nevertheless, it functioned as an adjuvant analgesic Mocetinostat concentration to prevent the development of morphine tolerance. These results suggest that the modulation of GSK3 beta activity by valproate may be useful and may play a role in the prevention of morphine tolerance (C) 2010 Elsevier

Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved”
“Massive neuronal apoptosis and accumulation of protein aggregates in the cortex and hippocampus of the brain are hallmarks of several neurodegenerative disorders, indicating ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) dysfunction. Lactacystin, a classical proteasome inhibitor, is used to simulate ubiquitin proteasome system dysfunction in neurons to mimic pathological features of neurodegenerative disorders. Based on Western blot MK-4827 analyses, we reported for the first time that annexin A3 (AnxA3) is not only endogenously expressed in mouse cortical neurons but also more importantly, by gene expression microarray and real-time RT-PCR that iris greatly transcriptional up-regulated to approximately 11-and 15-fold, respectively in murine primary cortical neurons with 1 mu M lactacystin for 24h. Up-regulation of AnxA3 expression occurred after 12-15 h post-lactacystin

treatment, which corresponded with the onset of neuronal injury, with approximately 25% of the neurons being non-viable by that time interval Western blot analysis with anti-AnxA3 antibodies further validated that up-regulation of AnxA3 only occurs with onset of neuronal death, and not with the onset

of proteasome inhibition, which occurs at 4.5 h post-lactacystin treatment. Over-expression studies suggested AnxA3 might be involved in death promotion during lactacystin-mediated neuronal death, since caspase-3 activation was significantly stronger upon neuronal AnxA3 over-expression. We propose AnxA3 up-regulation may have significant relevance in the elucidation of neurodegenerative pathophysiology (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Numerous studies have been made in recent years addressing the effect Uroporphyrinogen III synthase of physical exercise on brain cortical activity and changes in mood This research, however, was restricted to inadequate study designs in the elderly. In these times of an aging society, with the daily increasing Interest in the benefits of physical exercise, investigations of the interrelationships of psycho-physiological elements of physical exercise seem to be progressively necessary Using the model of frontal asymmetry, we hypothesized. that physical exercise by elderly persons at a self-selected pace increases left frontal alpha activity and is associated with a shift in mood to the positive.

By immunohistochemistry, the AP antibody recognizes high levels

of NDCBE in neurons of CX, HC (including pyramidal neurons in Cornu Ammonis (CA)1-3 and dentate gyrus), substantial nigra, medulla, cerebellum (especially Purkinje and granular cells), and the basolateral membrane of fetal choroid plexus. Thus, NDCBE is in a position to contribute substantially to pH, regulation in multiple CNS neurons. (C) 2008 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The blood-brain barrier (BIBB) is the principal regulator of blood-borne substance entry into the brain parenchyma. Therefore, BBB Cell Cycle inhibitor leakage, which leads to cerebral edema and influx of toxic substances, is common in pathological conditions such as cerebral ischemia, inflammation, trauma, and tumors. The leakage of BIBB after www.selleckchem.com/products/urmc-099.html ischemia-reperfusion injury has long been considered to be biphasic, although a considerable amount of discrepancies as for the timing of the second opening does exist among the studies. This led us to evaluate systematically and quantitatively the dynamics of BIBB leakage in a rat model of 90-min ischemia-reperfusion, using gadolinium-enhanced (small molecule) magnetic resonance imaging and fluorescent dye Evans Blue (large molecule). BIBB leakage was assessed at the following time points after reperfusion: 25 min, 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h,

and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks. We observed BIBB leakage for both gadolinium and Evans Blue as early as 25 min after reperfusion.

Thereafter, BBB remained open for up to 3 weeks for Evans Blue and up to 5 weeks for gadolinium. Our results show that BIBB leakage after ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat is continuous and long-lasting, without any closure up to several weeks. This is the first systematic and extensive study fully demonstrating BIBB Sinomenine leakage dynamics following transient brain ischemia and the findings are of major clinical and experimental interest. (C) 2008 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The mechanisms of tolerance to subsequent episodes of ischemia induced by cortical spreading depression (CSD) are not clear. The effects of CSD on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha), and lactate dehydrogenase-A (LDH-A) were evaluated in the present experiment. Unilateral CSD was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by application of KCl on the right cortex and the mRNA levels of iNOS, HIF-1 alpha, and LDH-A were evaluated at 15 min, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h or 24 h after CSD. RT-PCR analysis showed: 1) an increase of MOS mRNA at 15 min, 2 h, 4 h; 2) an increase of HIF-1 alpha mRNA at 6 h; 3) an increase of LDH-A mRNA at 4 h. In situ hybridization with specific digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotides revealed that the mRNA levels were increased at 15 min-2 h for MOS, 2-4 h for LDH-A and 6 h for HIF-1 after CSD.