Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed on 11 fresh and 8 formalin-fixed specimens.

Results: The detective rate of Cryptococcus neoformans (CN) by MC, AB, PAS, GMS staining, and TEM was

61.3% (19/31), 62.2% (23/37), 85.7% (30/35), 79.1% (34/43), and 89.5% (17/19), respectively. All CN detected by TEM had a capsule. Most of them possessed simple structure with undeveloped cellular organelles.

Conclusion: Electron microscopy has a high rate of detecting CN. A combination of histochemical staining and electron microscopy can make an accurate diagnosis of PC.”
“Objective. This study evaluated the heating and magnetic field interactions of fixed partial dentures in a 3-Tesla (3T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) environment.

Study

AZD6244 inhibitor design. Three substructure materials (Co-Cr, Ni-Cr, ZrO2) were used to fabricate twelve 4-retained bridges and 12 crowns. Specimens were evaluated at 3T for radiofrequency heating and magnetic field interactions. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to compare continuous variables of temperature change. Significance was set at P < .05. Translational attraction and torque values of selleck chemicals llc specimens were also evaluated.

Results. None of the groups exhibited excessive heating (mean temperature change, < 1.4 degrees C), with maximum increase at the end of the T-1. Moreover, in all groups, only relatively minor magnetic field interactions that would not cause movement in situ were observed.

Conclusion. The study findings indicated that patients with fixed partial dentures (single crown or bridge) fabricated from Co-Cr, Ni-Cr, and zirconia substructures may safely undergo MRI at up to 3T.”
“A hallmark of the Alzheimer disease (AD) brain is the presence of inclusions within neurons that are comprised of fibrils formed from the microtubule-stabilizing protein tau. The formation of misfolded multimeric tau species is believed to contribute to the progressive neuron loss and cognitive impairments of AD. Moreover, mutations in tau have been shown to cause a form of frontotemporal lobar degeneration in which tau neuronal inclusions

observed in the brain are similar to those seen in AD. Here we review the more compelling strategies that are designed Akt inhibitor to reduce the contribution of misfolded tau to AD neuropathology, including those directed at correcting a possible loss of tau function resulting from sequestration of cellular tau and to minimizing possible gain-of-function toxicities caused by multimeric tau species. Finally, we discuss the challenges and potential benefits of tau-directed drug discovery programs.”
“Aim:

To assess the efficacy of a newly suggested ablative curettage technique in managing premenopausal dysfunctional uterine bleeding.

Methods:

A prospective controlled operative study and clinical trial was carried out at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kasr El-Aini Hospital, Cairo University, Egypt.

The indentation load was in the range of 35-100 mu N, and the electric field intensity was in the range of 0.5-2 V/mm. The indentation hardness decreased with increasing the electric field intensity. This effect was likely due to the electromechanical interaction which changed the effective resolved shear stress and the average velocity of charged dislocations. A critical increment in the resolved shear stress was obtained at which the average velocity of the charged dislocations PLX4032 concentration is the same as that in the absence of electric field.”
“BACKGROUND:

Periacetabular osteotomy has been established as an effective treatment for early or mild osteoarthritis caused by developmental dysplasia of the hip. However, the optimal method of surgical reconstruction for older patients

remains controversial. The purpose Hydroxylase inhibitor of this retrospective study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic results of a curved periacetabular osteotomy for the treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip in patients fifty years of age or older.

METHODS: We evaluated forty-six consecutive hips in forty-two patients fifty years of age or older (the older group) who had developmental dysplasia of the hip and had undergone a curved periacetabular osteotomy between 1995 and 2006 with a minimum two-year follow-up period. The mean age was 54.6 years. We compared the clinical and radiographic results of this cohort with those of fifty hips in forty-four patients who were less than fifty years old (the younger group) and were managed with the same osteotomy. The mean age was 32.3 years. The patients were matched according to

sex and Tonnis grade. Radiographic measurements included the center-edge angle, acetabular roof obliquity, acetabular head index, anterior center-edge angle, and head lateralization index.

RESULTS: The mean Harris https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Fedratinib-SAR302503-TG101348.html hip score improved from 69.6 points preoperatively to 90.9 points postoperatively in the older group and from 71.1 points preoperatively to 91.8 points postoperatively in the younger group. There were no significant differences in any of the radiographic measurements between the two groups preoperatively or postoperatively. The Tonnis grades improved in two hips and progressed in three hips in the older group and improved in three hips and progressed in three hips in the younger group.

CONCLUSIONS: Satisfactory results can be obtained clinically and radiographically after curved periacetabular osteotomy in patients fifty years of age or older with Tonnis grade-1 or 2 osteoarthritis of the hip secondary to developmental dysplasia.”
“BACKGROUND: An improved resilient back-propagation neural network modeling coupled with genetic algorithm aided optimization technique was employed for optimizing the process variables to maximize lipopeptide biosurfactant production by marine Bacillus circulans.

A similar composition dependence is reported for the arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) diffusion in SiGe and is predicted theoretically for the stability of phosphorus-vacancy and arsenic-vacancy pairs in SiGe. The nonlinear behavior seems to be a general trend and accordingly mainly a consequence of the SiGe alloy system. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3380853]“
“Results are presented on the construction of a thin-layer

photovoltaic cell on glass-fiber fabric. The unevenness of the fabric was TPCA-1 first smoothed by the application of a high-temperature stable resin before photovoltaic layer deposition. We obtained an efficiency of light-to-current conversion of more than 8%. This constitutes a remarkably high value for a photovoltaic cell on a flexible substrate. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 115: 2763-2766, 2010″
“Halobacterium salinarum is a bioenergetically flexible, halophilic microorganism that can generate energy by respiration, photosynthesis,

and the fermentation of arginine. In a previous study, using a genome-scale metabolic model, we have shown that the archaeon unexpectedly degrades essential amino acids under aerobic conditions, a behavior that can lead to selleck chemical the termination of growth earlier than necessary. Here, we further integratively investigate energy generation, nutrient utilization, and biomass production using an extended methodology Nocodazole inhibitor that accounts for dynamically changing transport patterns, including those that arise from interactions among the supplied metabolites. Moreover, we widen the scope of our analysis to include phototrophic conditions to explore the interplay between different bioenergetic modes. Surprisingly, we found that cells also degrade essential amino acids even during phototropy, when energy should already be abundant. We also found that under both conditions considerable amounts of nutrients that were taken up were neither incorporated into the biomass nor used

as respiratory substrates, implying the considerable production and accumulation of several metabolites in the medium. Some of these are likely the products of forms of overflow metabolism. In addition, our results also show that arginine fermentation, contrary to what is typically assumed, occurs simultaneously with respiration and photosynthesis and can contribute energy in levels that are comparable to the primary bioenergetic modes, if not more. These findings portray a picture that the organism takes an approach toward growth that favors the here and now, even at the cost of longer-term concerns. We believe that the seemingly “”greedy” behavior exhibited actually consists of adaptations by the organism to its natural environments, where nutrients are not only irregularly available but may altogether be absent for extended periods that may span several years.

Materials and Methods

Data was obtained from the National Cancer Screening Information System; participation rates in gastric cancer screening were calculated. According to screening modalities, recall

rates were estimated with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

The target BMS-754807 ic50 population of the gastric cancer screening program in 2008 was 7,132,820 Korean men and women aged 40 and over, 2,076,544 of whom underwent upper endoscopy or upper gastrointestinal (UGI) series as screening tools (participation rate, 29.1%). Disparities in participation rates were observed relating to gender and health insurance type. Overall, recall rates of upper endoscopy and UGI series were 3.1% (95% CI, 3.0 to 3.1) and 33.3% (95% CI, 33.3 to 33.4), respectively.

Conclusion

According to our research, efforts to facilitate participation and to reduce disparities in gastric cancer screening among Korean men and women are needed. These results will provide essential data for evidence-based strategies in gastric cancer control in Korea.”
“Background

Surgery is the only curative treatment for patients with gastric cancer. However, the extent of lymph node dissection is still debated. P505-15 datasheet Therefore, with the publication of newer trial results, we conducted an updated meta-analysis of D1 versus D2 randomized controlled trials comparing outcomes.

Methods Systematic searches were conducted using Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from January 1, 1985, to December 31, 2010. Meta-analyses were performed using RevMan v5 software. Both short- and long-term outcomes were analyzed. Subgroup analyses of T stage and spleen/pancreas resection versus preservation were performed.

Results Outcomes of 5 randomized trials involving 1642 patients

(845 D1, 797 D2) enrolled from 1982 to 2005 were included. Despite the addition of the more recent trials, overall hospital mortality and reoperation rates were still higher in D2 cases. Subgroup analysis of recent trials and spleen/pancreas preservation revealed no significant difference in hospital mortality between groups. Five-year find more overall survival was similar between D1 versus D2 trials. Sub-analysis by tumor depth and spleen/pancreas preservation detected trends for improved survival with D2 lymphadenectomy in T3/T4 patients and those with spleen/pancreas preservation.

Conclusion Earlier trials show that D2 dissections have higher operative mortality, while recent trials have similar rates. A trend of improved survival exists among D2 patients who did not undergo resection of the spleen or pancreas, as well as for patients with T3/T4 cancers.”
“Individualized genetic diagnostics are emerging as critical medical tools in the provision of personalized care, rapid disease screening and follow-up therapy, and in defense, security and environmental applications.

The membranes play a secondary role as a template for depositing uniformly dispersed SWCNTs. This results in not only electrically conducting pathways but also prevents interference from the transmittance of optically transparent nanocomposites. Transparent conducting films with a wide range of transmittances and surface resistances could be obtained by controlling the immersion time and SWCNT concentration in the SWCNT dispersions. A transparent

conducting film with a transmittance and surface resistance of 77.1% at 550 ran and 2.8 k Omega/sq, respectively, was fabricated from a 0.01 wt %. SWCNT dispersion for an immersion time of 3 h. In addition, the transparent conducting films were quite flexible and maintained their properties even after crumpling. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 114: signaling pathway 2864-2872, 2009″
“Purpose To investigate time trends in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in France and to report existing and changing demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic disparities.

Methods Data were drawn from two independent national cross-sectional surveys conducted in 1995 and 2003, including 3,243 individuals aged 18-84 in 1995 and 22,743 in 2003. HRQoL was measured with the 8 subscales of the French version of the SF-36.

Results After multiple linear

regression, a significant decrease was observed between 1995 and 2003 in all scales selleck chemicals llc scores, from -0.11 adjusted standard deviations for Social Functioning (95% CI: -0.15 to -0.08) to -0.23 for Vitality (-0.26 to -0.19). Increasing age, 4EGI-1 ic50 female gender, divorce/widowhood, lowest educational levels, chronic conditions, and living in the Northern region were identified as independent predictors of lower HRQoL scores. Testing interactions showed significantly greater differences between 1995 and 2003 for subjects aged 75-84 and for least educated subjects (Physical

Functioning, General Health). The Gini index increased for all scales.

Conclusions We report evidence of worsening trends and possibly increasing demographic, socioeconomic, and regional disparities in HRQoL between 1995 and 2003 in France. Monitoring HRQoL in populations can provide unique and sensitive data, complementary to classical indicators based on mortality and morbidity.”
“Background: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening syndrome characterized by immune disturbance associated with certain genetic defects. This study aimed to define the clinical spectrum, immunology, and candidate genes in HLH in Taiwanese patients.

Patients and Methods: The medical records of children who met the updated diagnostic criteria and had confirmed hemophagocytosis by bone marrow aspiration between 1992 and 2007 were retrospectively evaluated. The clinical course and prognosis were analyzed.

Structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectroscopic data (NMR, MS, IR spectra and COSY

and HR-MS for 5a). The antioxidant activity of the total extracts, Selleck MAPK inhibitor petroleum ether, CH2Cl2 and EtOAc fractions together with the compounds 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 was comparable with that of the standard antioxidant, ascorbic acid.”
“Background : In vitro experimental studies have reported that transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) stimulates the production of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) in porcine valves. However, the relation between TGF-beta 1 and alpha-SMA in myxomatous valves has not been elucidated. Methods : We classified 27 subjects into two groups: 1) myxomatous group (11:12, mean age=55 +/- 15 years) and 2) rheumatic group (M:F=3:1 mean age=41 +/- 17 years) according to preoperative echocardiographic and postoperative histologic findings. Twenty-seven valve specimens from the patients who underwent valve replacement were obtained. Tissue samples were analyzed by immunohistochemistry

for TGF-beta 1 and alpha-SMA. The positively stained areas were measured using an image analysis program (image Pro-Plus 4.5), and then the TGF-beta 1 volume fraction (TGF-VF) and alpha-SMA this website volume fraction (alpha-Si were calculated. Results : TGF-VF in myxomatous valves was higher than in rheumatic valves (2,759 +/- 2,294 vs 864 +/- 276, p=0.04). alpha-SMA-VF in myxomatous valves was higher than in rheumatic valves (4,122 +/- 2,275 vs 2,421 +/- 844, p=0.002). There was a significant correlation between TGF-beta 1 and alpha-SMA in myxomatous valves (r=0.38, p=0.04). There was no significant correlation between TGF-beta 1 and alpha-SMA in rheumatic valves (r=0.50, p=0.67). Conclusions : TGF-beta 1 and alpha-SIMA may be related to the pathogenesis of myxomatous valves. The activation of TGF-beta 1 might increase the expression of alpha-SMA in human myxomatous valves.”
“BACKGROUND

Fractional https://www.selleckchem.com/ALK.html resurfacing is a new laser treatment used mainly for treating photoaging and acne scars.

OBJECTIVE

To

demonstrate the efficacy of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) fractional resurfacing laser treatment using high-resolution ultrasound imaging and to evaluate factors predictive of response to the treatment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A prospective observational study was undertaken from January 2007 to August 2009. Laser treatment was performed using a CO(2) fractional resurfacing device. Patients were offered high-resolution ultrasound imaging to follow up their treatment. Dermal and subepidermal nonechogenic band (SENEB) thicknesses were measured.

RESULTS

Twenty-four consecutive patients were included, allowing follow-up of 107 areas. Statistical analysis showed a significant increase in dermal thickness (mean variation +25.1%, (95% confidence interval=19.0-31.2). SENEB thickness was not changed.

Erect penile length consequent to IPP implantation was measured at 6 weeks, 6 months and at 1 year after surgery. The Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM) was administered before, and at 6 months and 1 year after IPP implantation. Erect Selleckchem HDAC inhibitor penile length (mean +/- s.e.) as induced by ICI was 13.2 +/- 0.4 cm, whereas the lengths attained with IPP were 12.4 +/- 0.3, 12.5 +/- 0.3 and 12.5 +/- 0.4 cm at the sixth week, sixth month and 1-year follow-ups, respectively. There were 0.83 +/- 0.25, 0.75 +/- 0.20 and 0.74 +/- 0.15 cm decreases in erect penile length at

6 weeks, 6 months and 1 year, respectively, after IPP implantation when compared with that after ICI (P < 0.05). The SHIM scores for patients SBE-β-CD reporting shorter penises were the same as those for patients without complaints at the 6-month and 1-year follow-ups (P > 0.05). To our knowledge, this is the first study to objectively show a significant decrease in erect penile length after IPP implantation when compared

with that after ICI. However, this decrease did not affect the effectiveness of IPP in treating ED.”
“Not only is there limited information in the literature regarding the beta-carotene (BC) isomer profile of micelles from digested foods; few studies have looked at their subsequent uptake and transport by human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Therefore, the aims of the present study were, first, to assess the profile of BC isomers in micelles from digested raw and cooked carrots; and, second, to determine their cellular uptake and transport. Greater amounts of all-trans-, 13-cis- and 15-cis-BC isomers were present in the micelles of NVP-BSK805 cooked carrots compared with raw carrots. Furthermore, micelle fractions obtained from the most highly processed (pureed) carrots had greater (P < 0.05) amounts of all-trans-, 13-cis- and 15-cis-BC compared with those derived from raw and boiled carrots. A similar trend was seen with BC isomer uptake and transport. Our data suggest that the food matrix and degree of processing play important

roles on carotenoid isomerization and bioavailability. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Aims and Methods: The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to determine the characteristics of escape rhythms at predefined serial time intervals following AV node ablation and pacemaker implantation, and (2) to identify risk factors predictive of unstable escape rhythms. Patients undergoing AV node ablation and pacemaker implantation were assessed for the presence or absence of an escape rhythm during pacemaker interrogation at five predetermined serial time points. Baseline demographics and comorbid conditions were evaluated as potential predictors of those with labile escape rhythms.

Results: Seventy-nine percent of the 96 patients studied had an underlying escape rhythm (>= 30 beats per minute) immediately postablation.

UV-vis, transmission electron microscope, and laser scattering analyses were used to characterize the bimetallic alloy DENs. The regioselective synthesis of multifunctional hybrid poly(methylhydro)siloxane was achieved by the RuRh and RuPt alloy nanoparticle catalysts. The experimental results showed that the RuRh and RuPt bimetallic DENs presented

higher catalytic activity than physical mixtures of their Cell Cycle inhibitor monometallic DENs, respectively. This should be due to synergistic electronic effect of RuRh and RuPt alloy catalysts. (c) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 122: 334-341, 2011″
“The FePt films were deposited with [Fe/Pt](n) multilayer structure on preheated Corning 1737F glass substrate using pure Fe and Pt target in a CMS-18 sputtering system. The dependence of FePt’s texture and magnetic properties on the multilayer structure was investigated. The XRD patterns indicate that (111) texture is dominant for all [Fe/Pt] n (n 8, 16, 20, 32) multilayer films. However, the measured M-H loops show that the perpendicular anisotropy is greatly enhanced in samples with n 16, 20, and 32. The origin of the increased perpendicular anisotropy of [Fe/Pt] n multilayer films is related to the contributions

of the interfaces, which will be analyzed using the micromagnetic models, with careful discussions of learn more the crystalline and interface anisotropies. Finally, it is confirmed that the Fe/Pt interfaces favor the perpendicular orientation in the multilayer structure. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3564952]“
“The incidence of well-differentiated Bafilomycin A1 mw thyroid cancer has seen a worldwide increase in the last three decades. Whether this is due to a ‘true increase’ in incidence or simply increased detection of otherwise subclinical disease remains unclear. The treatment of thyroid cancer revolves around appropriate surgical intervention, minimising complications and the use of adjuvant therapy

in select circumstances. Prognostic features and risk stratification are crucial in determining the appropriate treatment. There continues to be considerable debate in several aspects of management in these patients. Level 1 evidence is lacking, and there are limited prospective data to direct therapy, hence limiting decision-making to retrospective analyses, treatment guidelines based on expert opinion and personal philosophies. This overview focuses on the major issues associated with the investigation of thyroid nodules and the extent of surgery. As overall survival in well-differentiated thyroid cancer exceeds 95%, it is important to reduce over-treating the large majority of patients, and focus limited resources on high-risk patients who require aggressive treatment and closer attention.

6 as the criterion for inclusion as a corroborative attribute processed by find more the SVM classification model. The latter used a Gaussian radial-basis-function

(RBF) kernel and the error penalty factor C was fixed to 1. A two-fold cross-validation resampling technique was employed.

Results: A total of 41 patients had 115 defibrillation instances. AMSA, slope and RMS waveform metrics performed test validation with AUC > 0.6 for predicting termination of VF and return-to-organised rhythm. Predictive accuracy of the optimised SVM design for termination of VF was 81.9% (+/-1.24 SD); positive and negative predictivity were respectively 84.3% (+/-1.98 SD) and 77.4% (+/-1.24 SD); sensitivity and specificity were 87.6% (+/-2.69 SD) and 71.6% (+/-9.38 SD) respectively.

Conclusions: AMSA, slope and RMS were the best VF waveform frequency-time parameters predictors of termination of VF according to test validity assessment. This a priori can be used for a simplified SVM optimised design that combines the predictive attributes of these VF waveform metrics for improved prediction accuracy and generalisation performance without requiring the definition of any threshold value on

waveform metrics. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Aim: Ejection force of the fetal cardiac ventricles selleck chemicals has previously been described from 18 weeks of gestation. We aimed to establish gestation-specific reference intervals for ventricular ejection force (VEF) from 12 to 40 weeks of pregnancy.

Material and Methods: In a cross-sectional observational study of singleton pregnancies, examinations were performed in 236 women evenly distributed across each week of pregnancy from 12 to 40 weeks. Each mother was scanned once. For the aortic and pulmonary valves, the time to peak velocity (TPV) and the average (TAV) and

peak flow velocity in systole (PSV) was measured. For each we averaged values from three consecutive complexes. The outlet valve diameters were measured and the VEF on both the right and left sides were calculated using the formula ARN-509 research buy VEF = (1.055 x valve area x time to peak velocity x TAV) x (PSV/TPV) where 1.055 represents the density of blood. Measurements were repeated in 40 women to assess intraobserver reproducibility and in 19 women for interobserver variability.

Results: We present reference intervals for right and left VEF. We demonstrated that the ventricular force on both right and left sides increases with advancing gestational age.

Conclusion: Fetal cardiac physiology can be studied and Doppler indices reliably measured as early as the late first trimester of pregnancy. Ventricular ejection force and its relationship with fetal growth could be explored in future studies and this may eventually provide better understanding of changes which may predispose to adult cardiac disease.

1%, 8.9% and VS-6063 research buy 17.3%. Exclusive breastfeeding for >= 4 months vs. < 4 months was associated with a lower prevalence of asthma. The duration of breastfeeding, regardless of exclusivity, for >= 6 months tended to be associated with a lower prevalence of asthma. There was no appreciable association between breastfeeding and wheeze or eczema.

CONCLUSIONS: Data from this study indicate that breastfceding may be associated with a lower prevalence of asthma among young Japanese children.”
“An association of melanocytic nevus with eccrine

glands has been well-documented and well-known as eccrine-centered nevus. Non-giant congenital nevi sometimes contain angiocentric and/or adnexocentric growth of nevus cells. Blood vessels are the most prominent site of nevus cell infiltration and propagation. In our specimen, Z-IETD-FMK the second was eccrine ducts. These selective sites of infiltration gave rise to a linear pattern of nevus cell distribution. Upon cursory examination at low magnification, vascular pathologies such as lymphocytic perivasculitis and

particularly coat-sleeve-like pattern of erythema annulare centrifugum were suggested. S-100 immunostained perivascular and periductal lymphocytoid cells while CD3, 4 and 8 for T cells, and CD20 and 79a for B cells, were all negative. S-100 detected some invasive behavior of nevus cells penetrating into the vascular and ductal walls. However, Ki-67 was negative in all cells, suggesting a benign nature of this lesion. It is postulated that intradermal nevus cells of fetal skin freely migrate through mesenchymal tissue and stop when they hit barriers such as blood vessels and eccrine ducts and propagate in situ. How does this random migration theory explain the blood vessels and eccrine ducts getting the largest share of nevus cells? It is because they are the largest barriers of fetal dermis.”
“BACKGROUND: Growth kinetics of Pichia pastoris and heterologous expression of Trametes versicolor laccase were compared. This is the first study of its kind between

solid-state yeast cultures done on polyurethane Elafibranor order foam (PUF) and submerged liquid fermentations (SmF).

RESULTS: The maximum values of biomass were similar for SSF (solid-state fermentation) and SmF experiments when the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) was lower than 1009 L(-1). For higher BOD levels, the maximum values of biomass were 55 g L(-1) (SSF) and 35 g L(-1) (SmF). Micrographs of PUF preparations showed yeast growing within liquid lamellae, thinner than 100 forming large horizontal aggregates. Yeast aggregates were much smaller in SmF than in SSF experiments; however, laccase expression was lower in PUF than in SmF, unless the methanol concentration was increased to 639 L(-1), which was inhibitory only to the SmF system.