Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92: 77-82.”
“We investigate the thermodynamics of phase decomposition in magnetic alloy semiconductors (MASs) using the statistical Flory-Huggins lattice BYL719 cell line model. Based on this model, we propose a method to determine experimentally the interaction parameter chi and apply it to draw the phase decomposition diagram of (GaMn)As. The interaction energy of (GaMn) As was estimated to be about 5.7 mRy, which is close to the first principle calculation of 4.2 mRy. Using this phase diagram, we fabricated MnAs nanoparticles with a rectangular lattice structure utilizing the spinodal decomposition. We discuss the formation of rectangular

and triangular lattice structures at the late stage of spinodal decomposition in MASs using the Ginzburg-Landaulike free energy function. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3567112]“
“A new class of biodegradable copolyesters was synthesized by the catalyst-free melt condensation of sorbitol with citric acid, tartaric acid, and sebacic

acid. Selleck AZD1208 The resulting polymers were designated as poly(sorbitol citric sebacate) [p(SCS)] and poly(sorbitol tartaric sebacate) [p(STS)]. The synthesized polymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, (1)H-NMR spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry analysis. Porous spongelike scaffolds were prepared with a salt-leaching technique and characterized with scanning electron microscopy. Tensile testing of the p(SCS) and p(STS) polymers showed that they exhibited a wide range of mechanical properties. The Young’s modulus and tensile strengths of the polymers ranged from 1.06 +/- 0.12 to 462.65 +/- 34.21 MPa and from 0.45 +/- 0.04 to 20.32 +/- 2.54 MPa, respectively. In vitro degradation studies Fludarabine in vivo were performed on disc-shaped

polymer samples. The half-life of the polymers ranged from 0.54 to 38.52 days. The percentage hydration of the polymers was in the range 9.36 +/- 1.26 to 78.25 +/- 1.91, with sol contents of 2-14%. At any given polymer composition, the Young’s modulus and tensile strength of p(SCS) was higher than that of p(STS), whereas the degradation rates of p(SCS) was lower than that of p(STS). This was attributed to the structural difference between the citric and tartaric monomers and to the degree of crosslinking. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 121: 2861-2869, 2011″
“Background: Women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) are intrinsically insulin resistant and have a high risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Weight loss improves risk factors, but the optimal diet composition is unknown. Low-glycemic index (low-GI) diets are recommended without evidence of their clinical effectiveness.

Objective: We compared changes in insulin sensitivity and clinical outcomes after similar weight losses after consumption of a low-GI diet compared with a conventional healthy diet in women with PCOS.

HIV-1 preferentially infects T cells with high levels of CD4 and those subsets of T cells that express CCR5, particularly memory T cells. Most of the replicating virus is in the lymphoid tissue, yet most A-1155463 supplier of samples studied are from blood. For the most part the tissue and blood viruses represent a well-mixed population. With the onset of immunodeficiency, the virus evolves to infect new cell types. The tropism switch involves switching from using CCR5 to CXCR4 and corresponds to an expansion of infected cells to include naive CD4(+) T cells. Similarly, the virus evolves the ability to enter cells with low levels of CD4 on the surface and this potentiates the ability to infect macrophages, although the scope of sites

where infection of macrophages occurs and the link to pathogenesis is only partly known and is clear only for infection of the central nervous system. A model linking viral evolution to these two pathways has been proposed. Finally, other disease states related to immunodeficiency may be the result of Selleckchem Bcl-2 inhibitor viral infection of additional tissues, although the evidence for a direct role for the virus is less strong. Advancing immunodeficiency creates an environment in which viral evolution results in viral variants that can target new cell types to generate yet another class of opportunistic infections (i.e., HIV-1 with altered tropism).”
“Increased industrial use of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid) for food and

bioenergy has led to considerable improvements in its genetic transformation, which allowed the development of not only pest- and herbicide-resistant lines but also lines expressing high-value bioproducts and biopolymers. However, the economic benefits of using inexpensive transgenic plant systems for the production of industrial proteins could be offset by high downstream processing costs. In this work, transgenic sugarcane expressing recombinant bovine lysozyme (BvLz) was used to evaluate

the feasibility of extraction and fractionation of recombinant proteins expressed in sugarcane stalks. Three pH levels (4.5, 6.0 and 7.5) and three salt concentrations (0, 50, and 150 mM NaCl) were tested to determine BvLz and total protein ALK inhibitor drugs extractability. Two extraction conditions were selected to prepare BvLz extracts for further processing by cross-flow filtration, a suitable method for concentration and conditioning of extracts for direct applications or prior to chromatography. Partial removal of native proteins was achieved using a 100 kDa membrane but 20-30 % of the extracted BvLz was lost. Concentration of clarified extracts using a 3 kDa membrane resulted in twofold purification and 65 % recovery of BvLz. Loading of concentrated sugarcane extract on hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) resulted in 50 % BvLz purity and 69 % recovery of BvLz.”
“Sapovirus (SaV) is an agent of human and porcine gastroenteritis and a member of the family Caliciviridae.

Throughout, we focus on two basic questions. First, what is the basic conceptual idea underlying the model? Second, what are the key assumptions and predictions of the model? We conclude by discussing empirical features of personalities

that have not yet been addressed by formal modelling. While this paper is primarily intended to guide empiricists through current adaptive theory, thereby stimulating empirical tests of these models, we hope it also inspires theoreticians to address aspects of personalities that have received little attention up to now.”
“The diagnosis of Q fever (Coxiella burnetii infection) relies primarily on the serological detection of specific antibodies. Recently, PCR-based methods have been introduced in diagnostic laboratories. Unfortunately, the fastest and most reliable real-time detection method, which employs the online detection of target SBI-0206965 selleck chemicals llc nucleotide sequences while

the amplification process is still in progress, requires expensive devices and consumables. In this study, we present a simple method that combines the simplicity of conventional PCR with new technical and methodical enhancements, resulting in a fast, specific and easy method for the molecular detection of C. burnetii. A collection of C. burnetii reference strains was tested with the modified conventional gel-based PCR approach applying a particluar PCR buffer (QIAGEN (R) Fast Cycling PCR kit) and using a closed ready-to-use gel-cassette-system (FlashGel (R)) for the visualization of specific PCR products. The modified conventional PCR method reached nearly the speed of the LightCycler (R) HybProbe real-time PCR assay (120 vs. 90 min) and showed equal sensitivity and specificity. The general cost per PCR run was 25% less than that for the LightCycler method. These improvements make this method suitable for small laboratories with limited resources Citarinostat datasheet and for deployable PCR diagnostics in field laboratories.”
“Bilateral frontal polymicrogyria

is a recently recognized syndrome characterized by symmetric polymicrogyria of both frontal lobes that presents with delayed motor and language development, spastic quadriparesis, and variable mental retardation. However, the postmortem findings of this syndrome are not fully elaborated. Here we describe an autopsy case of bilateral frontal polymicrogyria in a male fetus delivered at 22 weeks gestation due to extensive chorioamnionitis. The microscopic findings included a thinned cortical plate with fair neuronal maturation. There were no signs of neuronal damage and the white matter was unremarkable.”
“We develop a conceptual framework for the understanding of animal personalities in terms of adaptive evolution. We focus on two basic questions.

2%, -8.9%, and -8.3%, respectively. No significant differences in homocysteine responses to the different doses were observed. In the patient group sampled at intervals during the intervention, the maximal homocysteine response appeared to be achieved by 6 wk in the 0.8-mg/d group and by 12 wk in the JAK inhibitor 0.4-mg/d group. However, the homocysteine response was suboptimal in the 0.2-mg/d group at both 6 and 12 wk compared with that at 26 wk.

Conclusions: A folic acid dose as low as 0.2 mg/d can, if administered for 6 mo, effectively lower homocysteine concentrations. Higher doses may not be necessary because they result in no further significant

lowering, whereas doses even lower than 0.2 mg/d may be effective in the longer term. Previous trials probably overestimated the folic acid dose required because of a treatment duration that was too short. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as ISRCTN45296887. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;93:11-8.”
“An electromagnetic interaction between St. Jude Medical Inc. (St. Paul, MN, USA) permanent pacemakers and HeartMate II left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) (Thoratec Inc., Pleasanton, CA, USA) has been reported before, but the problem was thought to be resolved in the St. Jude

Medical’s most recently released pacemaker platform. We report a case of interference between the HeartMate II LVAD and the most recently selleck chemicals released St. Jude Medical pacemaker (model no. PM3210; Anthem) and review new developments to overcome the electromagnetic interference problem in this setting. (PACE 2010; 13)”
“Eugenia jambolana Lam. (syn. Syzigium cumini (L) SKEELS: S. jambolana DC; Family: Myrtaceae), NVP-LDE225 ic50 commonly known as black plum or Jamun is a plant native to India. Annually the trees produce oblong or ellipsoid fruits (berries). They are green when raw and purplish black when fully ripe. The ripe fruits are sweetish sour to taste and are used to prepare health drinks, squashes, juices, jellies and wine. Studies have shown that the berries contain carbohydrates, minerals and the pharmacologically active phytochemicals

like flavonoids, terpenes, and anthocyanins. Jamun is a plant with known ethnomedicinal uses. Before the discovery of insulin. Jamun was useful in the treatment of diabetes and is an integral part in the various alternative systems of medicine. Scientific studies have shown that the various extracts of Jamun possess a range of pharmacological properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-genotoxic, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcerogenic, cardioprotective, anti-allergic, anticancer, chemopreventive, radioprotective, free radical scavenging, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-diarrheal, hypoglycemic and antidiabetic effects. The present paper reviews these aspects and also addresses the lacunas in the existing knowledge. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

(Obstet Gynecol 2013;121:727-33) DOI: http://10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182860c52″
“Purpose: Radioelectric asymmetric brain stimulation technology with its treatment protocols has shown efficacy in various psychiatric disorders. The aim of this work was to highlight the mechanisms by which these positive effects are

achieved. The current study was conducted to determine whether a single 500-millisecond radioelectric asymmetric conveyor (REAC) brain stimulation pulse (BSP), applied to the ear, can effect a modification of brain activity that is detectable using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Methods: Ten healthy volunteers, six females and four males, underwent fMRI during a simple finger-tapping motor task

before and after receiving a single 500-millisecond find more REAC-BSP.

Results: The fMRI results indicate that the average variation in task-induced encephalic activation patterns is lower in subjects following the single REAC pulse.

Conclusion: The current report demonstrates that a single REAC-BSP is sufficient to modulate brain activity in awake subjects, able to be measured using fMRI. These initial results open new perspectives into the understanding of the effects of weak and brief radio pulses upon brain activity, and provide the basis for further indepth studies using REAC-BSP and fMRI.”
“OBJECTIVE: To estimate whether text messages sent to ambulatory pregnant women ZD1839 cost could DMH1 improve influenza vaccine uptake.

METHODS: Obstetric patients at less than 28 weeks of gestation were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial from an academic center’s outpatient clinic during two consecutive influenza seasons (2010-2011 and 2011-2012). Potential participants were excluded if they had already received that season’s influenza vaccine. Participants were randomized to receive 12 weekly text messages encouraging general pregnancy health (General) or general pregnancy health plus influenza vaccination (Flu). Study participants completed preintervention

and postintervention surveys about preventive health beliefs. Influenza vaccine receipt was assessed using prenatal record review. The study was powered to detect a 55% increase in the vaccination rate in the intervention group.

RESULTS: Two hundred sixteen women were enrolled, 204 of whom were available for intention-to-treat analysis (n=100 General, n=104 Flu). Participants were primarily African American (66%) with low educational attainment (90% equivalent to or less than high school education) and predominantly with either public or no insurance (88%). The overall influenza vaccination rate among participants was 32% with no difference between participants in the General (31% [n=31]) compared with Flu (33% [n=34]) groups (difference 1.7%, 95% confidence interval -11.1 to 14.5%).

Methods:

After obtaining the approval from animal investigation committee, 16 piglets were randomly assigned to circulatory arrest combined with either ASCP at 27 degrees C or DHCA at 18 degrees C for 90 min. Cerebral oxygen extraction fraction (COEF) from blood as well as cerebral tissue glucose, glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, and the lactate/pyruvate ratio (L/P ratio) by microdialysis were obtained selleckchem repeatedly.

Results:

COEF was lower during cooling and rewarming, respectively, in the DHCA18 group compared to the ASCP27 group (30 +/- 8

vs 56 +/- 13% and 35 +/- 6 vs 58 +/- 7%, respectively). Glucose decreased in both the DHCA18 and ASCP27 groups during the course of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), but were higher

in the ASCP27 group during ASCP, compared to the DHCA18 group during circulatory arrest (0.7 +/- 0.1 vs 0.2 +/- 0.1 mm center dot l(-1), P < 0.05). Pyruvate was higher (ASCP27 vs DHCA18: 53 +/- 17 vs 6 +/- 2 mu m center dot l(-1), P < 0.05), and the L/P ratio increased during circulatory arrest in the DHCA18 group, compared to the selective perfusion phase of the ASCP27 group (DHCA18 vs ASCP27: 1891 +/- 1020 vs 70 +/- 28, P < 0.01).

Conclusions:

In this piglet model, both cerebral oxygenation and microdialysis findings suggested a depletion of cerebral energy stores during circulatory arrest in the DHCA18 group, compared to selective cerebral perfusion combined with circulatory arrest in the ASCP27 group.”
“Objectives: To determine if the duration of wearing compression stockings after Napabucasin mw endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) of the great saphenous vein (GSV) has influence on pain and quality Stem Cell Compound Library of life.

Methods: This was a prospective randomized controlled trial. Between December 2006 and February

2008, 109 consecutive patients with EVLA of the GSV were analyzed. Deep vein insufficiency, ulceration, more than one insufficient vein in one leg, and use of anticoagulants were exclusion criteria. Group A used compression stocking for 48 hours after therapy, group B for 7 days. Pain (visual analogue scale [VAS]) and quality of life (SF-36) were analyzed 48 hours, 1 week, and 6 weeks after therapy. Three months after treatment, duplex ultrasound imaging was performed to assess occlusion rates.

Results: Both groups (group A, n = 37; group B, n = 32) where comparable at baseline. After 1 week, there was a significant difference in pain (VAS score 3.7 [+/- 2.1] vs. 2.0 [+/- 1.1], p <= .001), and physical dysfunction (group A, 85.1 [+/- 11.2] vs. group B, 95.7 [+/- 10.1]; p < .001) as well as vitality (group A, 75 [+/- 13.0] vs. group B, 83.7 [+/- 13.4]; p = .03), all in favor of group B, which disappeared after 6 weeks. After 6 weeks, no significant differences in all endpoints were present. Duplex ultrasound imaging revealed complete GSV occlusion in all patients, while no cases of deep venous thrombosis had developed.

All rights reserved.”
“The carrier distribution and recombination dynamics of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well (MQW) light-emitting diode structure are investigated. Two emission peaks were observed in the low temperature photoluminescence spectra of an InGaN/GaN MQW structure, but only one peak was observed in the electroluminescence (EL) spectra. Combined with the spatially resolved cathodoluminescence (CL) measurements, it is found

that the electrically injected carrier distribution is governed by hole transport and diffusion in InGaN/GaN MQW structure due to the much lower mobility of hole. And the electron and hole recombination of EL occurs predominantly in the QWs that are located closer to the p-GaN layer. (C) 2011 American Institute

of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3587176]“
“A key challenge for humanity is how a future global population HDAC cancer of 9 billion can all be fed healthily and sustainably. Here, we review how competition for land is influenced by other drivers and pressures, examine land-use change over the past 20 years and consider future changes over the next 40 years.

Competition for land, in itself, is not a driver affecting food and farming in the future, but is an emergent property of other drivers and pressures. Modelling studies buy AZD1152 suggest that future policy decisions in the agriculture, forestry, energy and conservation sectors could have profound effects, with different demands for land to supply multiple ecosystem services usually intensifying competition for land in the future.

In

addition to policies addressing agriculture and food production, further policies addressing the primary drivers of competition for land (population growth, dietary preference, protected areas, forest policy) could have significant impacts in reducing competition for land. Technologies for increasing per-area productivity of agricultural land will also be necessary. Key uncertainties in our projections of competition for land in the future relate predominantly to uncertainties in the drivers and pressures within the scenarios, in the models and data used in the projections and in the policy interventions assumed to affect the drivers and pressures in the future.”
“Based upon the bionics principle, we present the design of a metal-dielectric-metal Selleck AP24534 sandwiched leaf-shaped metamaterial, and the numerical simulation and experiment have confirmed an obvious left-handed transmission peak by this structure. The retrieved effective permittivity, permeability, and refractive index are all negative around the frequency of the resonant peak, and the planar lens focusing experiment has further confirmed its left-handed features. The results in this paper can be used to explain the resonance mechanism of the left-handed metamaterials fabricated by means of the nano-self-assembly approach, and thus may greatly promote the development of optical metamaterials. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.

Biomechanical responses of the FE models under diurnal compression and moment loads were compared with corresponding in vivo published studies.

Results. Model II with disc quadrant-based inhomogeneous poroelastic tissue properties predicted better, mainly in flexion and extension, than the Model I with homogeneous tissue properties when compared with the corresponding Entinostat datasheet in vivo results, thereby confirming the current study hypothesis. Inhomogeneous tissue properties govern segmental behavior mainly during sagittal plane motions, with a root-mean-square difference of nearly 50% across the

motion segments.

Conclusion. The current data justify the need to simulate inhomogeneous tissue properties within disc quadrants for any FE model analysis. Model II can be further used to understand

the biomechanical effects of quadrant-based degenerative poroelastic tissue properties on cervical spine behavior. Future experiments are necessary to support the current study results.”
“Acute decompensated Wilson’s disease (WD) that presents as fulminant hepatic failure carries significant mortality without hepatic replacement. The abnormal gene implicated in WD, ATP7B, has been mapped to chromosome 13, and leads to decreased passage of copper from hepatocytes to bile. Excess copper accumulation exceeds hepatocyte storage capacity resulting in intracellular necrosis, apoptosis and cell death in various organs of the body. The hepatic injury induced by the abnormal accumulation Emricasan datasheet of copper in WD

selleck has variable presentation such as acute hepatitis, rapid hepatic deterioration resembling fulminant hepatic failure, or as progressive chronic liver disease in the form of chronic active hepatitis or cirrhosis. There are reports in the literature describing monozygotic (identical) twins with similar hepatic progression requiring liver transplantation, however, with different neurological outcome after transplant. We report a case of one monozygotic twin presenting with acute liver failure requiring emergent liver transplantation while the other twin presented with mild liver disease, when both shared an identical genetic mutation.”
“Study Design. A retrospective case series.

Objective. To propose a novel treatment strategy for chronic atlantoaxial rotatory fixation (AARF).

Summary of Background Data. Treatment strategy for chronic or recurrent AARF remains controversial. We have previously reported that a deformity of the superior facet of the axis (C2 facet deformity), which is frequently observed in patients with chronic AARFs, is a risk factor for recurrent dislocation. In this article, we report seven consecutive cases of chronic AARF who underwent closed manipulation followed by external halo fixation and maintained good reduction with the remodeling of the C2 facet deformity.

Methods.

In addition to natural polymers,

we studied chitosan synthetic derivatives with different functional groups. On the basis of AOA test, five polysaccharides were selected. The study of the detoxifying effect of LF in two models of induced toxicity revealed polysaccharides Bucladesine that maintained or increased the detoxifying activity of LF. We established that the formation of a complex of lactoferrin with two galactomannans and succinyl chitosan caused positive changes in LF properties: the detoxifying activity of the protein remained unchanged or increased, whereas its elimination from the body was decelerated. DOI: 10.1134/S0003683811060081″
“Despite the genitourinary tract being the most common site affected by extrapulmonary TB, isolated testicular TB remains a rare clinical entity. In patients with co-morbidities such as hepatic impairment, treatment proves a challenge, as first-line hepatotoxic pharmaceuticals are contraindicated. Here, we report a case of isolated testicular TB with scrotal involvement, on a background of hepatic dysfunction.”
“Objectives: To characterize the clinical features of a Chinese DFNA9 family associated with a novel COCH GSI-IX mouse mutation and to confirm the proposed genotype-phenotype correlation of COCH.

Methods: Mutation screening of 79 deafness genes was performed in the proband by targeted next-generation

sequencing. Co-segregation of the disease phenotype and the detected variants was confirmed in all family members by PCR amplification and Sanger STA-9090 datasheet sequencing. The progression of hearing impairment in affected family members was followed and the concomitant vestibular dysfunction was verified by the caloric vestibulo-ocular reflex test.

Results: A novel COCH mutation p.G87V was identified in the family segregating with late-onset, progressive sensorineural hearing impairment and consistent vestibular dysfunction.

Conclusion: The p.G87V mutation leads to a very similar phenotype

as a previously reported p.G87W mutation of COCH. Our study suggested that the G87 residue is critical for function of COCH and further confirms a previously proposed genotype-phenotype correlation for DFNA9. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Diazinon is a widely used organophosphorus pesticide in agriculture and environmental health, hence its adverse effects on nontarget animals, especially on fish is to be determined. The present study therefore aimed at detecting the biochemical changes caused by diazinon. To accomplish this aim, we studied the effects of sublethal concentrations (0.0036, 0.018, and 0.036 ppb) of diazinon on acetylcholine esterase activity, antioxidant enzyme activities, and lipid peroxidation in the liver of Cyprinus carpio on days 5, 15, and 30 after the exposure.

The coprimary endpoints at 12 months were patient/graft survival, a composite renal impairment endpoint (percent with a measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 at Month 12 or a decrease in mGFR >= 10 mL/min/1.73 m2 Month 3-Month 12) and the incidence of acute rejection. FDA-approved Drug Library chemical structure At Month 12, both belatacept regimens had similar

patient/graft survival versus cyclosporine (MI: 95%, LI: 97% and cyclosporine: 93%), and were associated with superior renal function as measured by the composite renal impairment endpoint (MI: 55%; LI: 54% and cyclosporine: 78%; p < 0.001 MI or LI versus cyclosporine) and by the mGFR (65, 63 and 50 mL/min for MI, LI and cyclosporine; p < 0.001 MI or LI versus cyclosporine).

Belatacept patients experienced a higher incidence (MI: 22%, LI: 17% and cyclosporine: 7%) and grade of acute rejection episodes. Safety www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD8931.html was generally similar between groups, but posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder was more common in the belatacept groups. Belatacept was associated with superior renal function and similar patient/graft survival versus cyclosporine at 1 year posttransplant, despite a higher rate of early acute rejection.”
“We report here the cloning and characterization of two new class Ill peroxidase genes. CrPnc3 and CrPrx4 from Catharanthus roseus. The full length cDNA of CrPrx3 is 1233 bp long encoding 330 amino acid residues. The CrPrx4 cDNA contains an ORF of 1055 bp, and encodes for 318 amino acids. Hypothetical

3-D structure model of CrPnc3 and CrPrx4 detected the presence of two Ca(2+) ion binding sites at proximal and distal end, and a heme group coordinate at central position. CrPrx3 and CrPrx4 are present in single copy number in C roseus. Confocal scanning microscopy and phylogenetic analysis showed that CrPrx3 and CrPrx4 are apoplastic in nature. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that both genes have diverse expression patterns in a variety of plant tissues. Quantitative real-time PCR confirmed their maximum expression in stem tissues followed by flower tissue. The expression levels of CrPrx3 MK-0518 and CrPrx4 were down-regulated under salt and dehydration stress, respectively. (C) 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“Study Design. A retrospective comparative study of prospectively collected data.

Objective. To compare clinical, radiographic, and health-related quality of life (Scoliosis Research Society [SRS]-24) outcomes in patients undergoing hemivertebra excision by simultaneous anteroposterior (AP) or posterolateral only approach (PL).

Summary of Background Data.