Cell fractionation GF120918 experiments revealed that DHN24 was detected in the cytosolic, nuclear and microsomal fractions. We also determined whether homologous members of the acidic subclass dehydrins from Capsicum annuum and Lycopersicon chilense share the characteristics of DHN24. We showed that they are also constitutively expressed, but their protein

level is upregulated preferentially by drought stress. Immunofluorescent localization revealed that they are detected in SEs and CCs of unstressed plants and throughout the phloem in drought-stressed plants. These results suggest that one of the primary roles of DHN24 and its homologs may be the protection of the phloem region from adverse effects of abiotic stresses.”
“This review provides a critical update on human and animal studies investigating the effect of alginate supplementation on appetite regulation, glycaemic and insulinemic responses, and lipid metabolism with discussion of the evidence on potential mechanisms, efficacy and tolerability. Dependent on vehicle applied for alginate supplementation, the majority of animal and human studies suggest that alginate consumption does suppress satiety and to some extent energy intake. Only one long-term intervention trial found effects on weight loss. In addition, alginates

seem to exhibit beneficial influence on postprandial this website glucose absorption and insulin response in animals and humans. However, alginate supplementation was only found to have cholesterol-lowering properties in animals. Several mechanisms have been suggested for the positive effect observed, which involve delayed gastric emptying, increased viscosity of digesta and slowed nutrient absorption in the small intestine upon alginate gel formation. Despite reasonable efficacy and tolerability from the acute or short-term studies, we still realize

there is a critical need for S3I-201 manufacturer development of optimal alginate types and vehicles as well as studies on further long-term investigation on alginate supplementation in humans before inferring that it could be useful in the management of obesity and the metabolic syndrome.”
“Heterozygous mutations in melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) are the most frequent genetic cause of obesity. Bariatric surgery is a successful treatment for severe obesity. The mechanisms of weight loss after bariatric surgery are not well understood.

Ninety-two patients who had Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery were screened for MC4R mutations. We compared percent excess weight loss (%EWL) in the four MC4R mutation carriers with that of two control groups: 8 matched controls and with the remaining 80 patients who underwent RYGB.

Four patients were heterozygous for functionally significant MC4R mutations. In patients with MC4R mutations, the %EWL after RYGB (66% EWL) was not significantly different compared to matched controls (70% EWL) and non-matched controls (60% EWL) after 1 year of follow-up.

The RV uptake counts were compared with those for different segments of the LV, and multiple ratios of the uptakes between RV and LV segments were calculated. The study subjects were 23 children (age, 11.1 +/- A 3.3 years) imaged with 0.12 +/- A 0.03 mCi/kg at rest and 0.31 +/- A 0.06 mCi/kg during stress. The RV to LV uptake proportion was approximately 6%. Exercise-related uptake increased threefold in both the RV and the LV. The findings showed RV myocardial scintigraphy to be feasible with reproducible ratios. Potential clinical applications include acquired and congenital CA anomalies such as Kawasaki

disease, right CA ostium stenosis after a switch operation, and anomalous origin of the right CA.”
“Purpose: To isolate and identify the cytotoxicity of the constituents of Sarcopyramis bodinieri var. delicate.

Methods: S. bodinieri var. delicate LY3039478 was extracted with hydrochloric acid-methanol and fractionated with ethyl acetate further. The chemical constituents of the ethyl acetate fraction

were purified by a combination of D101 macroporous resin and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. The structure was characterized by H-1-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry click here (ESI-MS). Apoptosis was evaluated by fluorescence staining and Western blot analysis using 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) SDS-PAGE tests in HepG2 liver cancer cells.

Results: One flavonoid with high purity selleck chemical was purified by the combination of D101 macroporous resin and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. The flavonoid compound was identified as quercetin by H-1-NMR and ESI-MS analyses. DAPI staining and PARP SDS-PAGE tests showed 60 mu M quercetin could induce potential apoptotic activity in HepG2 liver cancer cells.

Conclusion: Quercetin was the major cytotoxicity constituent in S. bodinieri var. delicate.”
“Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGBP)

is the most effective surgical therapy for morbid obesity. It is an advanced laparoscopic surgical procedure and has a protracted learning curve. Therefore, it is important to develop innovative ways of training and assessing surgeons. The aim of this study is to determine if a cadaveric porcine jejuno-jejunostomy model is an accurate way of assessing a surgeon’s technical skills by determining if a correlation exists with how he performs in the operating room.

Eight surgeons of varying experience performed a side-to-side stapled jejuno-jejunostomy on a cadaveric bench model before proceeding to perform the procedure on a real patient scheduled for LRYGBP. Performance was assessed using a motion tracking device, the Imperial College Surgical Assessment Device. Each procedure was recorded in video and scored by two blinded expert surgeons using procedure-specific rating scales.

bovis infection in humans. Unlike transmission of M. bovis from cattle to humans, the role of human-to-human airborne transmission in the spread of M. bovis has been somewhat controversial. Investigations are needed to elucidate the relative importance of M. bovis on TB incidence in humans,

especially in developing countries. Efforts should be concentrated in countries where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is widespread, as HIV-infected individuals are more susceptible to mycobacterial Elafibranor price disease. Eradication of M. bovis in cattle and pasteurisation of dairy products are the cornerstones of the prevention of human disease.”
“Objective: Minimum radiographic joint space width (mJSW) PLX4032 supplier represents the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standard for demonstrating structural therapeutic benefits for knee osteoarthritis (KOA), but only shows moderate responsiveness (sensitivity to change). We directly compare the responsiveness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based cartilage thickness and JSW measures from fixed-flexion radiography (FFR) and explore the correlation of region-matched changes between both methods.

Methods: Nine hundred and sixty-seven knees of Osteoarthritis Initiative

participants with radiographic KOA were studied: 445 over 1 year with coronal FLASH MRI and FFR, and 375/522 over 1/2 years with sagittal DESS MRI and FFR. Standardized response means (SRM) of cartilage thickness and mJSW were compared using the sign-test.

Results: With FLASH MRI, SRM was -0.28

for medial femorotibial compartment (MFTC) cartilage loss vs -0.15 for mJSW, and -0.32 vs -0.22 for the most sensitive MRI subregion (central MFTC) vs the most sensitive fixed-location JSW(x = 0.25). With DESS MRI, 1-year SRM was -0.34 for MFTC vs -0.22 for mJSW and -0.44 vs -0.28 for central MFTC vs JSW(x = 0.225). https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Nutlin-3.html Over 2 years, the SRM was significantly greater for MFTC than for mJSW (-0.43 vs -0.31, P = 0.017) and for central MFTC than for JSW(x = 0.225) (-0.51 vs 0.44, P < 0.001). Correlations between changes in spatially matched MRI subregions and fixed-location JSW were not consistently higher (r = 0.10-0.51) than those between non-matched locations (r = 0.15-0.50).

Conclusions: MRI displays greater responsiveness in KOA than JSW FFR-based JSW, with the greatest SRM observed in the central medial femorotibial compartment. Fixed-location radiographic measures appear not capable of determining the spatial distribution of femorotibial cartilage loss. (C) 2012 Osteoarthritis Research Society International. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Domestic pollution is relevant to health because people spend most of their time indoors.

The patient was treated with soft diet and medications for pain and antibiotics, besides removing the implant associated with the fracture.

Conclusion: It is suggested that this procedure may be conducted in 2 operative periods: firstly, the lateralization of the inferior alveolar; and secondly, after a period of 3 months, the implant placement in a situation of more bone stability.”
“OBJECTIVES: We wanted to evaluate whether preoperative myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) could predict changes in cardiac symptoms

and postoperative myocardial perfusion and left ventricular function after coronary P005091 nmr artery bypass grafting (CABG).

METHODS: Ninety-two patients with stable angina pectoris (and at least one occluded coronary artery) underwent MPS before, and 6 months after, undergoing CABG. The result of the MPS was kept secret from the surgeons.

RESULTS: Before CABG, 90% of the selleckchem patients had angina. After CABG, 97% of the patients were without symptoms. Overall graft patency was 84%. Before CABG, one patient had normal perfusion; in the rest of them the defects were classified as follows: reversible (60%), partly reversible (27%) and irreversible (12%). Following CABG, 33% had normal perfusion; in the rest the defects were reversible in 29%, partly reversible in 12% and irreversible in 26%. Left ventricular ejection fraction

(LVEF), which was normal before

operation in 45%, improved in 40% of all patients. The increase in LVEF was not related to the preoperative pattern of perfusion defects. Of 30 patients with normalized perfusion after CABG, 29 (97%) had reversible defects and one patient had partly reversible defects. Of 83 perfusion defects, which were normalized after CABG, 67 were reversible (81%) or partly reversible (12%). Seventy-five percent of all reversible coronary artery territories before CABG were normalized after operation.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that reversible or partly reversible perfusion defects at a preoperative MPS have a high chance of normalized myocardial perfusion assessed by MPS 6 months after operation. Normal perfusion is obtained almost exclusively in territories with reversible ischaemia. Symptoms improved in nearly all patients DMH1 manufacturer and LVEF in a significant fraction of the patients, not related to preoperative MPS.”
“Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS) is caused by a limited number of specific drugs and is characterized by late onset, infectious mononucleosis-like symptoms, and herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) reactivation. Recently, the involvement of herpes viruses other than HHV-6, such as Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus, has been reported. Many approaches have been used to analyze the pathological mechanism, and have revealed new aspects of DIHS.

99 mm, the Hoffer Q and Holladay 1 for ALs from 21.00 to 21.49 mm, and the SRK/T for ALs of 27.00 mm or longer. Using optimized constants, refractive outcomes of 40%, 75%,

and 95% within +/- 0.25 diopter (D), +/- 0.50 D, and +/- 1.00 D, respectively, were achievable. Financial Disclosure: No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned. Additional disclosure is found in the footnotes.”
“To prepare various types of multilayers, polyelectrolytes poly(acrylic acid), poly(allylamine hydrochloride), and poly(dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate) were prepared and deposited onto polypropylene nonwoven fabrics produced in the melt-blowing process. Each type of external layer deposited was dyed for identification. Utilizing the layer-by-layer method to deposit polyelectrolyte layers considerably BMS-777607 strengthens the thermal resistance of the modified fabric (the difference in T-50% is over 40 degrees C). The Selleck Apoptosis Compound Library effect is connected with the type and number of layers. Thermal effects were also observed in both dynamic and isothermal analyses under air atmosphere. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123: 1340-1347, 2012″
“Objectives:

Dosage of methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) is an important factor influencing retention in methadone treatment. MMT clients in China received lower dosages of methadone compared with those provided in other countries. The objective of this study is to elucidate the reason for the low methadone dosage prescribed in MMT clinics in China.

Methods: Twenty-eight service providers were recruited from the MMT clinics in Zhejiang and Jiangxi Provinces, China. Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted to ascertain the procedure for prescribing methadone in the MMT clinics.

Results: The average dosage prescribed in the 28 clinics was 35 mg/person/day. Four major themes resulting in low dosage of methadone were identified: (1) the service providers fear the liability resulting from large closes of methadone in combination with other substances which might result in overdose fatalities, (2) lack of understanding

of harm reduction which resulted in low acceptance of the long term maintenance treatment approach, (3) break-down in communication between clients and service providers about dosage adjustment, and (4) dosage reduction is GDC-0973 in vitro perceived by most service providers as an effective way to treat the side-effects associated with MMT.

Conclusions: The findings of the study highlighted the necessity to formulate clear guidelines concerning individualized dosage management and to improve training among service providers’ in MMT clinics in China. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy of the corneal power measurements by a dual Scheimpflug analyzer (Galilei) and a corneal topography system (Keratron) for intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation in unoperated eyes.

SETTING: Private practice.

DESIGN: Case series.

Journal of Human Hypertension ( 2009) 23, 817-825; doi:10.1038/jhh.2009.28; published online 9 April 2009″
“P>Al3+-resistant cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) release malate through the Al3+-activated anion transport protein Triticum aestivum aluminum-activated malate transporter 1 (TaALMT1). Expression of TaALMT1 in Xenopus oocytes

and tobacco suspension cells enhances the basal transport activity (inward and outward currents present in the absence of external Al3+), and generates the Prexasertib clinical trial same Al3+-activated currents (reflecting the Al3+-dependent transport function) as observed in wheat cells. We investigated the amino acid residues involved in this Al3+-dependent transport activity by generating a series of mutations to the TaALMT1 protein. We targeted the acidic residues on the hydrophilic C-terminal domain of TaALMT1 and changed them to uncharged residues by site-directed mutagenesis. These mutant proteins were expressed in Xenopus oocytes and their transport activity was measured before and after Al3+ addition. Three mutations (E274Q, D275N and E284Q) abolished the Al3+-activated transport activity without affecting the basal transport activity. Truncation of

the hydrophilic C-terminal domain abolished both basal and Al3+-activated transport activities. Al3+-dependent transport activity was recovered by fusing the N-terminal region of TaALMT1 with the C-terminal region of AtALMT1, a homolog from Arabidopsis. These findings demonstrate that the extracellular C-terminal domain is required for both basal and Al3+-dependent TaALMT1 activity. Furthermore, we identified three acidic amino acids within this domain that are specifically XR9576 required for the activation of transport function by external Al3+.”
“Seven new dammarane-type triterpenoids, including two 20(S)-hydroxy-25-methoxy-dammar-23-enes (1 and 2), two 20(S),24(R)-epoxydammaranes (3 and 4), a cabralealactone (5), and two 20(S),25-epoxydammaranes (6 and 7), together with seven known triterpenes (8-14), were isolated from the floral spikes of Betula platyphylla var. japonica. The structures for all compounds were elucidated by the analyses of extensive spectroscopic data, as well as chemical examinations.”
“Salt

induces oxidative stress in salt-sensitive (SS) animals and man. It is not known whether in SS subjects the ATR inhibitor low-sodium dietary approaches to stop hypertension (LS-DASH) reduces oxidative stress more than DASH, which is high in antioxidants. To assess the effects of DASH and LS-DASH on oxidative stress, 19 volunteers were studied after 3 weeks of a standardized usual low fruits and vegetables diet (ULFV), followed by 3 weeks on DASH (both diets similar to 120 mmol Na(+) per day), then 3 weeks on LS-DASH (60 mmol Na(+) per day). SS was defined as systolic blood pressure >= 5 mm Hg lower on LS-DASH than DASH. In SS subjects (N = 9), systolic blood pressure was lower on LS-DASH (111.0 +/- 2.0 mm Hg) than DASH (118.0 +/- 2.2, P<0.01) and ULFV (122.3 +/- 2.

The subjective International Knee

Documentation Committee (IKDC) and objective Orthopadische Arbeitsgruppe Knie (OAK) scoring systems were used to evaluate the clinical outcome.

Results: Dibutyryl-cAMP purchase Nine (41%) of the primary PCL reconstructions most likely failed because of a single factor and thirteen (59%) most likely failed because of multiple factors. The most common probable causes of failure were posterolateral rotatory instability (seventeen knees, 77%) and improper graft tunnel placement (nine knees, 41%). Side-to-side differences during posterior stress radiography improved from 9.9 +/- 2.8 mm preoperatively to 2.8 +/- 1.8 mm at the time of the latest follow-up (p < 0.001). The subjective and objective clinical scores at the latest follow-up evaluation were significantly better than the preoperative scores (p < 0.001).

Conclusions: Arthroscopic revision PCL reconstruction with use of the modified tibial-inlay double-bundle technique improved knee stability, as measured with posterior stress radiography and clinically, and outcomes. Associated posterolateral rotatory instability

should be surgically corrected during PCL reconstruction to prevent graft failure resulting from abnormal opening of the lateral aspect of the tibiofemoral joint.”
“Electromigration induces the flux of metal elements and causes separation of the elements in an alloy. Electromigration also possibly induces the recrystallization of metal. Nevertheless, no experimental evidence has been reported for such recrystallization behavior. We report the observation of recrystallization of dispersed Zn second phases in Sn-9Zn alloy. The GSK1120212 price Zn polycrystal of aged Sn-9Zn alloy recrystallizes under electromigration Selleckchem P005091 to form a thin prism sheet crystal of basal plane unit with (0001) preferred orientation. (c) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3174382]“
“Styrene (St)/butyl acrylate (BA) copolymers were prepared by. adding triethoxyvinylsilane (TEVS), trimethoxyvinylsilane (TMVS), and triphenylvinylsilane (TPVS), each one through emulsion copolymerization. The polymerization

was performed with methacrylic acid and auxiliary agents at 80 degrees C in the presence of potassium peroxodisulfate as the initiator. Nonylphenol ethylene oxide-40 units (NP-40) and sodium lauryl sulfoacetate were used as nonionic and anionic emulsifiers, respectively. The resulting copolymers were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Thermal properties of the copolymers were Studied by using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The morphology of copolymers was also investigated by optical microscopy, and then the effects of silicone kinds and concentrations on the properties of the St/BA emulsion copolymers were discussed. The obtained copolymers have high solid content (50 %) and can be used in emulsion paints as a binder.

(C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3602120]“
“Report of the personal experience at repairing urogenital fistulae comparing the etiology, management, and outcomes in a developed and underdeveloped countries.

Fifty-three patients with urogenital fistulae were surgically repaired at two different countries. Twenty-nine of those were treated in Istanbul, Turkey during last 10

years period and the other 24 patients were operated in Maradi, Niger in August 2007. Detailed information on obstetric history and previous surgical procedures were questioned in all of the patients. selleck chemicals llc Specific evaluation included instillation of dye in the bladder to locate the site of the fistula and intravenous urography were applied to patients with suspected urogenital fistula to confirm the fistula tract. The site, number and the size of fistula, as well as the pliability of tissues was assessed before the operation. The position of patients for surgery and the route of repair were individualized according to the appropriate access to the fistulae. Patients were reviewed 4-10 weeks after surgery to determine the end results of click here the operations.

Over all, obstetric complications (47%) were the most common cause of urogenital fistulae. Gynecologic surgeries were responsible for 41%

of the cases. Although obstetric causes were prominent at patients in Niger, gynecological surgery was the main cause in Turkey. The most common type of fistulae was vesicovaginal. With regard to surgical approach to urogenital fistulae; the transabdominal approach was chosen in 12 (22.6%) of

patients and transvaginal repair was performed in 41 (77.4%) of patients; 94.34% of the patients were completely dry after the first attempt.

A high percentage of patients with genital fistulae can be rendered dry and continent by assessment of these conditions; meticulous attention must be applied for the absence learn more of inflammation and infection at the fistula site before the operation. Surgical team must be experienced at both abdominal and vaginal repair. Broad-spectrum antibiotics and continuous bladder drainage must be applied to all patients for at least 2 weeks. Interposition flaps must be used in complex cases.”
“Synthesis and physicochemical properties of the new glycidyl methacrylate, styrene, and bis[4(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxypropoxy) phenyl] sulfide terpolymers of different crosslinking degrees are presented. The terpolymers were obtained in the form of regular microspheres by suspension polymerization. The epoxy group content, thermal properties (DSC, thermogravimetric analysis), and swelling characteristic of the functional microspheres were examined. In addition, a selected terpolymer was modified in the epoxide ring opening reaction with diethylenetriamine. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123: 59-65, 2012″
“The photoluminescence of Pr doped (Bi0.5Na0.

In HHP1::GUS transgenic mutants, GUS activity was found to be mainly expressed

in the roots, vasculature, stomata, hydathodes, adhesion zones, and connection sites between septa and seeds, regions in which the regulation of turgor pressure is crucial. By measuring transpiration rate and stomatal closure, it was shown that the guard cells in the hhp1-1 mutant had a decreased sensitivity to drought and ABA stress compared with the WT or the c-hhp1-1 mutant, a complementation mutant of HHP1 expressing the HHP1 gene. The N-terminal fragment (amino acids 1-96) of HHP1 was found to interact with the transcription factor inducer of CBF expression-1 (ICE1) in yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) studies. The hhp1-1 mutant grown in soil showed hypersensitivity

to cold stress with limited mTOR inhibitor watering. The expression of two ICE1-regulated www.selleckchem.com/products/R406.html genes (CBF3 and MYB15) and several other cold stress-responsive genes (RD29A, KIN1, COR15A, and COR47) was less sensitive to cold stress in the hhp1-1 mutant than in the WT. These data suggest that HHP1 may function in the cross-talk between cold and osmotic signalling.”
“Introduction and hypothesis Laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy (LSC) was first described almost 20 years ago. This technique aims to provide the outcomes of the gold standard abdominal approach while offering the benefits of minimally invasive surgery. However, the widespread diffusion of LSC in the management of pelvic organ prolapse THZ1 (POP) is hampered by its presumed length and technical difficulties due to the inherent need for laparoscopic suturing skills.

Methods In this article, we highlight the current status of LSC based on a historical overview and in the paradigm of an interrelationship between the three different approaches to POP correction.

Results The enormous changes over the past 15 years have contributed to a better understanding of the pathologies and their treatment, which has enabled us to refine LSC, to simplify it, and to make it much more reproducible.

Conclusions In the future, we will need more prospective studies

to compare LSC with vaginal reconstructive surgery.”
“A MgO underlayer with (100) preferential orientation formed on a thin Fe seed layer is used to attain L1(0) ordered phase 2 nm-thick FePt films with (001) orientation. The Fe[1 nm]/Pt[1 nm] bilayer can be grown epitaxially on the MgO underlayer with (100) aligned texture and the bilayer transformed into (001)-textured L1(0)-FePt films after annealing at 600 degrees C. FePt films 2 nm thick with (001) preferential orientations can be prepared on a thick MgO underlayer with (100) orientation. Since the thinness of Fe and Pt layers enhances an inter-diffusion process between the layers, the crystallization and ordering temperature of FePt decreases from 550 degrees C to 500 degrees C. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.

A response surface methodology was employed to evaluate the effects of 4 independent variables (temperature, pH, solvent to sample ratio, and time) on the TPC. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: liquid to solid ratio 20, pH 6.3, extraction temperature 35A degrees C, and extraction time 35 min. Under the above-mentioned conditions, the experimental TPC was 11.7 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry matter. EC50 of the UAE extract at optimal conditions was found at 30.6 +/- 0.6 mg/L level and total flavonoids

(TF) were obtained at 12.6 +/- 0.2 mg/10 check details g sample. Also, the results of HPLC analysis showed that gallic acid and p-coumaric acid were the predominant phenolic compounds in the plant.”
“The results of the experimental study GSK1904529A clinical trial and computer simulation of the resonance spectra of a single crystal of the iron-manganese sulfide FexMn1-xS (0 <= x <= 0.29) are presented. The resonance properties of the concentrated solid solutions are explained by the formation of a homogeneous FexMn1-xS matrix with randomly distributed superparamagnetic iron nanoparticles. The mean diameter (< D > = 6.19 nm at T=250 K) and the axial first-order anisotropy constant (K-1 = 4.08 erg/cm(3) at T=250 K) of the ferromagnetic particles are determined. The volume fraction of the iron phase is estimated. (C) 2009 American

Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3234402]“
“The drying characteristics of red pepper were examined in convection dryer at a temperature range of 55-70A degrees C with a constant air velocity of 2 m/s. The red peppers were pre-treated with ethyl oleate and citric acid solutions before drying process. Drying process continued until sample moisture fell down to 0.12 kg water/kg d.m. It was observed that drying, rehydration, and color characteristics were significantly influenced by air temperature and pretreatments.

Moisture transfer from red peppers was described by applying the Fick’s diffusion model, and the effective moisture diffusivity was calculated. The effective moisture diffusivity ranged from 5.72×10(-10) to 1.75×10(-9) m(2)/s for the studied temperature range. The values of activation energy (E (a)) were 50.27, 49.21, and 48.45 kJ/mol for control, pre-treated with citric acid, and ethyl oleate, respectively. EPZ5676 Drying data was fitted to 4 drying models, and the best models were logarithmic and Page.”
“Ferredoxins are proteins that participate in photosynthesis and in other processes that require reducing equivalents, such as the reduction of nitrogen or fatty acid desaturation. Two classes of ferredoxins have been described in plants: light-regulated photosynthetic ferredoxins and heterotrophic ferredoxins whose activity is not influenced by light. Genes encoding the two forms of ferredoxin have been cloned and characterized in developing sunflower cotyledons.